{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005809476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193478301300307","title":"Court-Ordered School Desegregation","display_name":"Court-Ordered School Desegregation","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005809476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193478301300307","mag":"2005809476"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002193478301300307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193478301300307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193478301300307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110151151","display_name":"Journal of Black Studies","issn_l":"0021-9347","issn":["0021-9347","1552-4566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Black Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108414754","display_name":"Frank Brown","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["State\rUniversity of New York at Buffalo","State#R#University of New York at Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State\rUniversity of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State#R#University of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005587536","display_name":"Waithira Muigai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waithira Muigai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State\rUniversity of New York at Buffalo","State#R#University of New York at Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State\rUniversity of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State#R#University of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23358764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"355","last_page":"368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.7416999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.7416999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.10050000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.06849999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/court-ordered-desegregation","display_name":"court-ordered desegregation","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/de-jure-segregation","display_name":"de jure segregation","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourteenth-amendment","display_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equal-protection","display_name":"equal protection","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-students","display_name":"Black students","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-involvement","display_name":"parental involvement","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-engagement","display_name":"community participation","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-media-campaigns","display_name":"mass media campaigns","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-litigation","display_name":"civil rights litigation","score":0.578000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779361081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48532","display_name":"Desegregation","level":2,"score":0.9741037487983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.506016194820404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43415483832359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3885573148727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.339803010225296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32116949558258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2520342469215393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002193478301300307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193478301300307","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002193478301300307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110151151","display_name":"Journal of Black Studies","issn_l":"0021-9347","issn":["0021-9347","1552-4566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Black Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7307999730110168}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.75}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W306477071","https://openalex.org/W602178354","https://openalex.org/W1997000104","https://openalex.org/W2030716419","https://openalex.org/W2063794568","https://openalex.org/W2970917491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1589506885","https://openalex.org/W2105232169","https://openalex.org/W1987016203","https://openalex.org/W2890865265","https://openalex.org/W1940901241","https://openalex.org/W3123935769","https://openalex.org/W3200294774","https://openalex.org/W1981237115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,38],"the":[1,12,18,39,41,59,68,84,91,148],"early":[2],"1970s,":[3],"Black":[4],"elementary":[5],"and":[6,26,73,95,108,116,122,139],"secondary":[7],"school":[8,36,54,77,127],"children":[9],"enrolled":[10],"in":[11,56,99,124],"Dalton":[13,47,85],"Public":[14,86],"School":[15,87,106],"District'":[16],"asked":[17],"U.S.":[19],"Federal":[20,42],"District":[21,43],"Court":[22],"to":[23,89,101,135,145],"make":[24],"local":[25],"state":[27],"officals":[28],"refrain":[29],"from":[30],"operating":[31,49],"a":[32,50,75,131,141],"racially":[33],"segregated":[34,53,76],"public":[35],"system.":[37,78],"mid-1970s,":[40],"Judge":[44],"held":[45,111],"that":[46],"was":[48],"de":[51],"jure":[52],"system":[55,88],"violation":[57],"of":[58,64,93],"plantiffs'":[60],"Fourteenth":[61],"Amendment":[62],"right":[63],"equal":[65],"protection":[66],"under":[67],"law":[69],"by":[70],"intentionally":[71],"causing":[72],"maintaining":[74],"The":[79],"judge's":[80],"22-point":[81],"decree":[82],"ordered":[83],"solicit":[90],"views":[92],"parents":[94,115],"other":[96],"community":[97,117],"people":[98,134],"planning":[100,125],"implement":[102],"its":[103],"desegregation":[104],"order.":[105],"administrators":[107],"board":[109],"members":[110],"numerous":[112],"meetings":[113],"with":[114],"groups,":[118],"seeking":[119],"their":[120],"opinions":[121],"assistance":[123],"for":[126,133,137],"desegregation:":[128],"they":[129],"established":[130],"hotline":[132],"call":[136],"information":[138],"sponsored":[140],"mass":[142],"media":[143],"campaign":[144],"further":[146],"inform":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
