{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005702974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00002.x","title":"ADAPTATION AND THE COST OF COMPLEXITY","display_name":"ADAPTATION AND THE COST OF COMPLEXITY","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005702974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00002.x","mag":"2005702974","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10937178"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00002.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00002.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00002.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87560609","display_name":"Evolution","issn_l":"0014-3820","issn":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089456895","display_name":"H. Allen Orr","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. Allen Orr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, University of Rochester, New York 14627, USA. aorr@uhura.cc.rochester.edu","Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 E\u2010mail: aorr@uhura.cc.rochester.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, New York 14627, USA. aorr@uhura.cc.rochester.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 E\u2010mail: aorr@uhura.cc.rochester.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089456895"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"],"apc_list":{"value":3214,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3214},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":546,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94098012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-adaptation","display_name":"rate of adaptation","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organismal-complexity","display_name":"organismal complexity","score":0.8519999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8682699799537659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.8444957733154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.601412296295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5740056037902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87590526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3592884","display_name":"Experimental evolution","level":3,"score":0.5104609727859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.49831414222717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169733012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613416","display_name":"Population size","level":3,"score":0.43922534584999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4349152445793152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3495542109012604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3429182767868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.20847254991531372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14625829458236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.11104831099510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.07085150480270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000222","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Physiological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00002.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00002.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00002.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87560609","display_name":"Evolution","issn_l":"0014-3820","issn":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0013:aatcoc]2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0013:aatcoc]2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0013:aatcoc]2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87560609","display_name":"Evolution","issn_l":"0014-3820","issn":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10937178","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10937178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution; international journal of organic evolution","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0013:AATCOC]2.0.CO;2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1554/0014-3820%282000%29054%5B0013%3AAATCOC%5D2.0.CO%3B2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402358","display_name":"BioOne Complete (BioOne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210111627","host_organization_name":"BioOne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Life on land","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G385686701","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM51 932","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23797105","https://openalex.org/W1511070613","https://openalex.org/W1922526627","https://openalex.org/W1960151955","https://openalex.org/W1971977356","https://openalex.org/W1996460711","https://openalex.org/W2004671976","https://openalex.org/W2004778468","https://openalex.org/W2019424922","https://openalex.org/W2022730625","https://openalex.org/W2040848353","https://openalex.org/W2045391589","https://openalex.org/W2066363086","https://openalex.org/W2079542219","https://openalex.org/W2082012953","https://openalex.org/W2117420753","https://openalex.org/W2153289775","https://openalex.org/W2173518071","https://openalex.org/W2314258294","https://openalex.org/W2316608916","https://openalex.org/W2319094220","https://openalex.org/W2410157258","https://openalex.org/W2575306271","https://openalex.org/W2730153167","https://openalex.org/W4235923330","https://openalex.org/W4243747842","https://openalex.org/W6714680459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362510567","https://openalex.org/W4291378433","https://openalex.org/W4291964331","https://openalex.org/W4385836827","https://openalex.org/W2768474856","https://openalex.org/W2756193737","https://openalex.org/W2068162395","https://openalex.org/W2763724006","https://openalex.org/W2126263906","https://openalex.org/W2118609795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adaptation":[0],"is":[1,66,102,123],"characterized":[2],"by":[3],"the":[4,24,34,57,63,80,97,110,124],"movement":[5,13],"of":[6,49,59,62,79,92,94,99,112,126,146],"a":[7,10,41,90],"population":[8,42],"toward":[9],"many-character":[11],"optimum,":[12],"that":[14,139],"results":[15,52,136],"in":[16,19,46],"an":[17,44,132,143,149],"increase":[18],"fitness.":[20],"Here":[21],"I":[22],"calculate":[23],"rate":[25,111],"at":[26,115],"which":[27],"fitness":[28,37],"increases":[29],"during":[30],"adaptation":[31,113],"and":[32],"describe":[33],"curve":[35],"giving":[36],"versus":[38],"time":[39],"as":[40,85,117,119],"approaches":[43],"optimum":[45],"Fisher's":[47,106],"model":[48],"adaptation.":[50,60],"The":[51,134],"identify":[53],"several":[54],"factors":[55],"affecting":[56],"speed":[58],"One":[61],"most":[64],"important":[65],"organismal":[67],"complexity--complex":[68],"organisms":[69,88],"adapt":[70],"more":[71],"slowly":[72],"than":[73,105],"simple":[74],"ones":[75],"when":[76],"using":[77],"mutations":[78],"same":[81],"phenotypic":[82],"size.":[83],"Thus,":[84],"Fisher":[86],"foresaw,":[87],"pay":[89],"kind":[91],"cost":[93,101],"complexity.":[95],"However,":[96],"magnitude":[98],"this":[100],"considerably":[103],"larger":[104],"analysis":[107],"suggested.":[108],"Indeed":[109],"declines":[114],"least":[116],"fast":[118],"n-1,":[120],"where":[121],"n":[122],"number":[125,145],"independent":[127],"characters":[128],"or":[129],"dimensions":[130,147],"comprising":[131],"organism.":[133],"present":[135],"also":[137],"suggest":[138],"one":[140],"can":[141],"define":[142],"effective":[144],"characterizing":[148],"adapting":[150],"species.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
