{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005694463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/735857","title":"NGFICA Based Digitization of Historic Inscription Images","display_name":"NGFICA Based Digitization of Historic Inscription Images","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005694463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/735857","mag":"2005694463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2013/735857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/735857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/735857","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2013/735857.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175125","display_name":"ISRN Signal Processing","issn_l":"2090-5041","issn":["2090-5041","2090-505X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISRN Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2005694463"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2013/735857.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102841438","display_name":"S. Indu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4975-5047","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4975-5047"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863896202","display_name":"Delhi Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztcvt22","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Indu Sreedevi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103280642","display_name":"Rishi Pandey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3465-7864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3465-7864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863896202","display_name":"Delhi Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztcvt22","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishi Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085814878","display_name":"N. Jayanthi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-0534","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-0534"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863896202","display_name":"Delhi Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztcvt22","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Jayanthi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007623852","display_name":"Geetanjali Bhola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8933-5872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8933-5872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863896202","display_name":"Delhi Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztcvt22","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geetanjali Bhola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Formerly Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi 110042, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086242686","display_name":"Santanu Chaudhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5488-7773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5488-7773"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santanu Chaudhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110006, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110006, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102841438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863896202"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9308,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85807873,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2013","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-component-analysis","display_name":"independent component analysis","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-digitization","display_name":"image digitization","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-extraction","display_name":"text extraction","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-enhancement","display_name":"image enhancement","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective-distortion","display_name":"perspective distortion","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreground-background-separation","display_name":"foreground-background separation","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"optical character recognition","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"character recognition","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"word recognition","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-heritage-preservation","display_name":"cultural heritage preservation","score":0.7300000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.9590246677398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.7070441246032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6888352632522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.663341224193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.6589325070381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5954093933105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5939236879348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5739920735359192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49813127517700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.49256306886672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47704142332077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4652031362056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4537118673324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.43847382068634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.41094857454299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27115821838378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07175484299659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2013/735857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/735857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/735857","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2013/735857.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175125","display_name":"ISRN Signal Processing","issn_l":"2090-5041","issn":["2090-5041","2090-505X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISRN Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2013/735857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/735857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/735857","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2013/735857.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175125","display_name":"ISRN Signal Processing","issn_l":"2090-5041","issn":["2090-5041","2090-505X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISRN Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2005694463.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2005694463.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516388111","https://openalex.org/W1534034246","https://openalex.org/W1548802052","https://openalex.org/W1661998941","https://openalex.org/W1900606880","https://openalex.org/W2091909564","https://openalex.org/W2101135801","https://openalex.org/W2113023470","https://openalex.org/W2117284366","https://openalex.org/W2127589258","https://openalex.org/W2133069808","https://openalex.org/W2168445392","https://openalex.org/W2170709565","https://openalex.org/W2337120916","https://openalex.org/W2541593857","https://openalex.org/W2587415058","https://openalex.org/W4247658683","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2143043760","https://openalex.org/W2324509756","https://openalex.org/W1966992040","https://openalex.org/W2113023470","https://openalex.org/W2295309142","https://openalex.org/W2738431074","https://openalex.org/W7171961984","https://openalex.org/W1991867017","https://openalex.org/W2971575576","https://openalex.org/W4386930995"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,36,41,83,86,90,93,117],"problems":[4],"encountered":[5],"during":[6],"digitization":[7],"and":[8,16,21,30,38,48,112,126],"preservation":[9],"of":[10,76,92,104,116],"inscriptions":[11,25],"such":[12],"as":[13,80],"perspective":[14],"distortion":[15],"minimal":[17],"distinction":[18],"between":[19,35],"foreground":[20,37],"background.":[22,39],"In":[23],"general":[24],"possess":[26],"neither":[27],"standard":[28],"size":[29],"shape":[31],"nor":[32],"colour":[33],"difference":[34],"Hence":[40],"existing":[42],"methods":[43],"like":[44],"variance":[45],"based":[46,51,102],"extraction":[47],"Fast":[49],"ICA":[50,64],"analysis":[52],"fail":[53],"to":[54,124,130],"extract":[55],"text":[56],"from":[57,73],"these":[58],"inscription":[59,105],"images.":[60,106],"Natural":[61],"gradient":[62],"flexible":[63],"(NGFICA)":[65],"is":[66],"a":[67,74],"suitable":[68],"method":[69,109],"for":[70],"separating":[71],"signals":[72,87],"mixture":[75],"highly":[77],"correlated":[78],"signals,":[79],"it":[81],"minimizes":[82],"dependency":[84],"among":[85],"by":[88,120],"considering":[89],"slope":[91],"signal":[94],"at":[95],"each":[96],"point.":[97],"We":[98],"propose":[99],"an":[100],"NGFICA":[101],"enhancement":[103],"The":[107],"proposed":[108],"improves":[110],"word":[111],"character":[113],"recognition":[114],"accuracies":[115],"OCR":[118],"system":[119],"65.3%":[121],"(from":[122,128],"10.1%":[123],"75.4%)":[125],"54.3%":[127],"32.4%":[129],"86.7%),":[131],"respectively.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
