{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005693961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1986.289280","title":"Interpretation of Natural Language Database Queries Using Optimization Methods","display_name":"Interpretation of Natural Language Database Queries Using Optimization Methods","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005693961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1986.289280","mag":"2005693961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1986.289280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1986.289280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1986.289280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006714450","display_name":"William E. Leigh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44854399","display_name":"University of Southern Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/0270vfa57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I44854399"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Leigh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA","University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Box 5106, Hattiesburg, MS 39466, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44854399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Box 5106, Hattiesburg, MS 39466, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44854399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076633756","display_name":"James A. Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9838-0707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9838-0707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20488257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"40","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-interfaces-to-databases","display_name":"natural language interfaces to databases","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-understanding","display_name":"query understanding","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-methods","display_name":"optimization methods","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-resolution","display_name":"ambiguity resolution","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase-structure-grammar","display_name":"phrase structure grammar","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transition-networks","display_name":"transition networks","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-grammar","display_name":"semantic grammar","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-knowledge","display_name":"semantic knowledge","score":0.6660000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8196359872817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193125573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449065","display_name":"Semantic interpretation","level":2,"score":0.6699580550193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171018156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7370306","display_name":"Rotation formalisms in three dimensions","level":2,"score":0.6497633457183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6282258629798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5843121409416199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5617588758468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5443927049636841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.49505892395973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4525735080242157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85407183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045785","display_name":"Semantic network","level":2,"score":0.4402340054512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.43446552753448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.4136985242366791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.40870654582977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.38359734416007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24852672219276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0801633894443512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1986.289280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1986.289280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1986.289280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782898","https://openalex.org/W1605152559","https://openalex.org/W1762063508","https://openalex.org/W1971340799","https://openalex.org/W1981724541","https://openalex.org/W2035032881","https://openalex.org/W2042008249","https://openalex.org/W2054126636","https://openalex.org/W2061141062","https://openalex.org/W2082560962","https://openalex.org/W2124479173","https://openalex.org/W2165467455","https://openalex.org/W2165774012","https://openalex.org/W2185907055","https://openalex.org/W2911292476","https://openalex.org/W2920733670","https://openalex.org/W4212986500","https://openalex.org/W4238264692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560792216","https://openalex.org/W2289651793","https://openalex.org/W2321696772","https://openalex.org/W1608748326","https://openalex.org/W1549629220","https://openalex.org/W2023254842","https://openalex.org/W1531381759","https://openalex.org/W2969319132","https://openalex.org/W2900248559","https://openalex.org/W3117896332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,88],"automatic":[1],"interpretation":[2],"of":[3,18,28,36,62,79,85,90],"natural":[4,99],"language":[5,100],"(English)":[6],"database":[7,19,101],"questions":[8],"formulated":[9],"by":[10],"a":[11,80],"user":[12],"untrained":[13],"in":[14,25,44],"the":[15,26,34,58,65,75],"technical":[16],"aspects":[17],"querying":[20],"is":[21,103],"an":[22],"established":[23],"problem":[24],"field":[27],"artificial":[29],"intelligence.":[30],"State-of-the-art":[31],"approaches":[32],"involve":[33],"analysis":[35],"queries":[37,102],"with":[38,57,64,69,74],"syntactic":[39],"and":[40,60,73,77,97],"semantic":[41,86],"grammars":[42],"expressed":[43],"phrase":[45],"structure":[46],"grammer":[47],"or":[48],"transition":[49],"network":[50],"formalisms.":[51],"With":[52],"such":[53],"methods":[54],"difficulties":[55],"exist":[56],"detection":[59],"resolution":[61],"ambiguity,":[63],"misinterpretation":[66],"possibilities":[67],"inherent":[68],"finite":[70],"length":[71],"look-ahead,":[72],"modification":[76],"extension":[78],"mechanism":[81],"for":[82],"other":[83],"sources":[84],"knowledge.":[87],"potential":[89],"optimization":[91],"techniques":[92],"to":[93],"solve":[94],"these":[95],"problems":[96],"interpret":[98],"examined.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}