{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005683797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.8.3.251","title":"Nalidixic Acid: an Antibacterial Paradox","display_name":"Nalidixic Acid: an Antibacterial Paradox","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005683797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.8.3.251","mag":"2005683797","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1101818","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/429302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1128/aac.8.3.251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.8.3.251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.8.3.251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47215897","display_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","issn_l":"0066-4804","issn":["0066-4804","1070-6283","1098-6596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2005683797"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC429302/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007110628","display_name":"G. C. Crumplin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405283614","display_name":"UCL School of Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/01zna6t55","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4405283614","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. C. Crumplin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4405283614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101638375","display_name":"J. T. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-9505","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-9505"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405283614","display_name":"UCL School of Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/01zna6t55","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4405283614","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. T. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4405283614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":197,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64637156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"251","last_page":"261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10120","display_name":"Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology","score":0.43970000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10120","display_name":"Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology","score":0.43970000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12526","display_name":"Antimicrobial agents and applications","score":0.1859000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2402","display_name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.15559999644756317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nalidixic-acid","display_name":"nalidixic acid","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibacterial-activity","display_name":"antibacterial activity","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram-negative-bacteria","display_name":"Gram-negative bacteria","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-concentration-dependence","display_name":"drug concentration dependence","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-synthesis-inhibition","display_name":"DNA synthesis inhibition","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-synthesis-inhibition","display_name":"RNA synthesis inhibition","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-synthesis-inhibition","display_name":"protein synthesis inhibition","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism-of-action","display_name":"mechanism of action","score":0.7369999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775876089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281082","display_name":"Nalidixic acid","level":4,"score":0.9806666374206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.6772482395172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.6653657555580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3675279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211935","display_name":"Protein biosynthesis","level":2,"score":0.6003149151802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121587506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888113","display_name":"Mode of action","level":2,"score":0.5242788195610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.5008106231689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019249092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274493","display_name":"Antibacterial agent","level":3,"score":0.48468974232673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.4696862995624542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4579774737358093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4203711748123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.41333144903182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.3985479474067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.25320762395858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780923616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193045","display_name":"Tetracycline","level":3,"score":0.13231387734413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004269","descriptor_name":"DNA, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004755","descriptor_name":"Enterobacteriaceae","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004755","descriptor_name":"Enterobacteriaceae","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009268","descriptor_name":"Nalidixic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009994","descriptor_name":"Osmolar Concentration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012329","descriptor_name":"RNA, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000096","qualifier_name":"biosynthesis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1128/aac.8.3.251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.8.3.251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.8.3.251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47215897","display_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","issn_l":"0066-4804","issn":["0066-4804","1070-6283","1098-6596"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1101818","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1101818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:429302","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC429302/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:429302","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC429302/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605646761","https://openalex.org/W1484743626","https://openalex.org/W1501875153","https://openalex.org/W1505116521","https://openalex.org/W1524282403","https://openalex.org/W1565350200","https://openalex.org/W1572602240","https://openalex.org/W1603462264","https://openalex.org/W1831263665","https://openalex.org/W1849997836","https://openalex.org/W1961493641","https://openalex.org/W1985183908","https://openalex.org/W1996369440","https://openalex.org/W2017821807","https://openalex.org/W2038412598","https://openalex.org/W2042436857","https://openalex.org/W2047474223","https://openalex.org/W2050875104","https://openalex.org/W2051957156","https://openalex.org/W2060983387","https://openalex.org/W2068679264","https://openalex.org/W2096561719","https://openalex.org/W2108796376","https://openalex.org/W2112056309","https://openalex.org/W2134894209","https://openalex.org/W2151168474","https://openalex.org/W2152931066","https://openalex.org/W2416232721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583121787","https://openalex.org/W1967958961","https://openalex.org/W2108796376","https://openalex.org/W4211158657","https://openalex.org/W1996369440","https://openalex.org/W2472002472","https://openalex.org/W2092831511","https://openalex.org/W2466060310","https://openalex.org/W2092775444","https://openalex.org/W663425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nalidixic":[0],"acid":[1,29,62,78,83],"was":[2,52,66,69,88],"found":[3,70,106],"to":[4,16,107,130,156],"be":[5,108],"most":[6,74,140],"bactericidal":[7,38,75],"against":[8],"various":[9,64],"species":[10,21],"of":[11,27,47,58,60,124,127,136,149,164],"gram-negative":[12],"bacteria":[13,153],"at":[14,42,63,72,91],"50":[15],"200":[17],"mug/ml.":[18],"With":[19],"all":[20],"tested,":[22],"increases":[23],"in":[24,44,158],"the":[25,45,50,56,73,95,116,125,128,142,147,150],"concentration":[26,76],"nalidixic":[28,61],"above":[30],"this":[31],"range":[32],"reduced,":[33],"rather":[34],"than":[35],"increased,":[36],"its":[37],"effect":[39],"so":[40],"that,":[41],"levels":[43],"region":[46],"400":[48],"mug/ml,":[49],"drug":[51,96,129,151],"relatively":[53],"bacteriostatic.":[54],"Therefore,":[55],"mode":[57],"action":[59,148],"concentrations":[65],"investigated.":[67],"It":[68],"that":[71,115,135],"deoxyribonucleic":[77],"synthesis,":[79,87,133],"but":[80],"no":[81],"ribonucleic":[82],"(RNA)":[84],"or":[85],"protein":[86,103,117],"inhibited.":[89,109],"However":[90],"higher":[92],"concentrations,":[93],"where":[94],"is":[97,120,139],"least":[98],"bactericidal,":[99],"both":[100],"RNA":[101,132,137],"and":[102,134],"synthesis":[104,118,138],"were":[105],"Results":[110],"are":[111,154,167],"presented":[112],"which":[113],"suggest":[114],"inhibition":[119],"a":[121],"secondary":[122],"manifestation":[123],"ability":[126],"inhibit":[131],"likely":[141],"second":[143],"target":[144],"site":[145],"for":[146],"when":[152],"exposed":[155],"it":[157],"high":[159],"concentrations.":[160],"The":[161],"clinical":[162],"implications":[163],"these":[165],"findings":[166],"discussed.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-15T12:55:33.944570","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
