{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005682558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01892.x","title":"HIV neuropathogenesis and therapeutic strategies","display_name":"HIV neuropathogenesis and therapeutic strategies","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005682558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01892.x","mag":"2005682558","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9581298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01892.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01892.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01892.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113298455","display_name":"Pediatrics International","issn_l":"1328-8067","issn":["1328-8067","1442-200X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077752490","display_name":"Leon G. Epstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-3867","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-3867"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28792581","display_name":"University of Rochester Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00trqv719","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leon G. Epstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA","Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077752490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4956,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59645613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"107","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11266","display_name":"Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1-neuropathogenesis","display_name":"HIV-1 neuropathogenesis","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-associated-neurocognitive-disorders","display_name":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perivascular-macrophages","display_name":"perivascular macrophages","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microglia","display_name":"microglia","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrocytes","display_name":"astrocytes","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier-disruption","display_name":"blood-brain barrier disruption","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-neuroinflammation","display_name":"chronic neuroinflammation","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pro-inflammatory-cytokines","display_name":"inflammatory cytokines","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excitotoxicity","display_name":"excitotoxicity","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamate-receptors","display_name":"glutamate receptors","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuronal-apoptosis","display_name":"neuronal apoptosis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-inflammatory-therapy","display_name":"anti-inflammatory therapy","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroprotection","display_name":"neuroprotection","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perinatal-hiv-transmission","display_name":"perinatal HIV transmission","score":0.8600000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9689664244651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3593153953552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3380587697029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001812","descriptor_name":"Blood-Brain Barrier","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015526","descriptor_name":"AIDS Dementia Complex","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015526","descriptor_name":"AIDS Dementia Complex","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017209","descriptor_name":"Apoptosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01892.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01892.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1998.tb01892.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113298455","display_name":"Pediatrics International","issn_l":"1328-8067","issn":["1328-8067","1442-200X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pediatrics International","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9581298","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9581298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta paediatrica Japonica : Overseas edition","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1299011811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MH-57556","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1504635691","display_name":"HIV-1 INDUCED B-B-B DAMAGE IN HUMAN NEURAL XENOGRAFTS","funder_award_id":"7r01ns035738-04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2107477215","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS35738","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3639592450","display_name":"NEUROPROTECTION--INHIBITION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS","funder_award_id":"P01MH057556","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118346112","https://openalex.org/W1042014336","https://openalex.org/W1614954929","https://openalex.org/W1965149830","https://openalex.org/W1970671202","https://openalex.org/W1974877011","https://openalex.org/W1979491836","https://openalex.org/W1995924099","https://openalex.org/W2003471483","https://openalex.org/W2008041397","https://openalex.org/W2022442770","https://openalex.org/W2026995847","https://openalex.org/W2035807473","https://openalex.org/W2039456926","https://openalex.org/W2042503380","https://openalex.org/W2043736935","https://openalex.org/W2046348452","https://openalex.org/W2049317842","https://openalex.org/W2049659704","https://openalex.org/W2056459216","https://openalex.org/W2058176457","https://openalex.org/W2059253537","https://openalex.org/W2073381721","https://openalex.org/W2077012020","https://openalex.org/W2077968305","https://openalex.org/W2092580120","https://openalex.org/W2097972613","https://openalex.org/W2107179385","https://openalex.org/W2117337460","https://openalex.org/W2132586158","https://openalex.org/W2146384070","https://openalex.org/W2150627157","https://openalex.org/W2150886578","https://openalex.org/W2160323946","https://openalex.org/W2316970929","https://openalex.org/W2612252953","https://openalex.org/W4292806195","https://openalex.org/W4298301049"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1040541717","https://openalex.org/W2047838688","https://openalex.org/W2096217812","https://openalex.org/W2314807467","https://openalex.org/W1981607446","https://openalex.org/W2092580120","https://openalex.org/W2136513512","https://openalex.org/W1981376840","https://openalex.org/W2152846037","https://openalex.org/W2086419987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"immunodeficiency":[1],"virus":[2,13,281],"(HIV)-1":[3],"neuropathogenesis":[4,266],"can":[5,221],"be":[6],"divided":[7],"into":[8,15,153],"three":[9],"important":[10],"components:":[11],"(i)":[12,273],"entry":[14,52,152],"the":[16,20,33,54,68,72,83,102,118,122,139,154,206,252,296,304],"nervous":[17,56,69,119],"system;":[18],"(ii)":[19,291],"role":[21],"of":[22,35,78,85,101,107,125,131,156,176,208,225,254,264,289,306],"viral":[23,51,158,227],"proteins":[24],"and/or":[25],"cellular":[26,160,229],"products":[27,189],"in":[28,50,67,117,144,150,196,242,251,300],"neural":[29],"tissue":[30],"damage;":[31],"(iii)":[32,310],"mechanisms":[34],"neuronal":[36,96,315],"injury/death.":[37],"Both":[38],"blood":[39],"derived":[40],"macrophages":[41],"or":[42,98,159,162,217],"trafficking":[43],"HIV-1":[44,65,76,126,145,164,199,260],"infected":[45,165,169],"T-lymphocytes":[46],"have":[47],"been":[48,233],"implicated":[49],"to":[53,82,95,99,193,239,246,276,285,294,313],"central":[55],"system":[57,70,120],"(CNS).":[58],"The":[59,75,167,198],"major":[60],"cell":[61],"type":[62],"harboring":[63],"productive":[64],"infection":[66,77,127,146],"is":[71],"perivascular":[73],"macrophage/microglia.":[74],"brain":[79,212],"astrocytes,":[80],"restricted":[81],"expression":[84],"regulatory":[86],"gene":[87],"products,":[88,161],"may":[89,137,204],"cause":[90],"astrocyte":[91],"dysfunction":[92],"and":[93,110,147,170,184,228,244,257,279,283,302,309,317],"contribute":[94],"injury":[97,316],"disruption":[100,130],"blood-brain":[103],"barrier":[104,135],"(BBB).":[105],"Studies":[106],"cerebrospinal":[108],"fluid":[109],"postmortem":[111],"tissues":[112],"reveal":[113],"chronic":[114,297],"inflammation/immune":[115],"activation":[116,299],"during":[121],"later":[123],"stages":[124],"associated":[128],"with":[129,259],"BBB":[132,307],"integrity.":[133],"Blood-brain":[134],"damage":[136],"underlie":[138],"white":[140],"matter":[141],"pallor":[142],"described":[143],"could":[148],"result":[149],"further":[151],"CNS":[155,280],"toxic":[157,192,209],"additional":[163],"cells.":[166],"HIV":[168,265],"activated":[171],"macrophages/microglia":[172],"produce":[173],"excessive":[174],"amounts":[175],"pro-inflammatory":[177],"cytokines,":[178],"including":[179],"tumor":[180],"necrosis":[181],"factor":[182],"alpha,":[183],"platelet":[185],"activating":[186],"factor.":[187],"These":[188],"are":[190],"directly":[191],"human":[194],"neurons":[195,243],"vitro.":[197],"envelope":[200],"glycoprotein,":[201],"gp":[202],"120":[203],"stimulate":[205],"release":[207],"factors":[210],"from":[211],"macrophages.":[213],"Blocking":[214],"N-methyl-D-aspartate":[215],"(NMDA;":[216],"AMPA)":[218],"glutamate":[219],"receptors":[220],"antagonize":[222],"candidate":[223],"toxins":[224],"both":[226,255],"origin.":[230],"It":[231],"has":[232],"postulated":[234],"that":[235,268],"(weak)":[236],"excitotoxicity":[237],"leads":[238],"oxidative":[240],"stress":[241],"ultimately":[245],"apoptosis.":[247],"Neuronal":[248],"apoptosis":[249],"occurs":[250],"brains":[253],"children":[256],"adults":[258],"infection.":[261],"This":[262],"understanding":[263],"implies":[267],"therapeutic":[269],"strategies":[270],"should":[271],"include:":[272],"anti-retroviral":[274],"medications":[275],"decrease":[277,295],"systemic":[278],"load,":[282],"possibly":[284],"prevent":[286],"perinatal":[287],"transmission":[288],"HIV;":[290],"anti-inflammatory":[292],"compounds":[293,312],"immune":[298],"microglia":[301],"allow":[303],"restoration":[305],"integrity;":[308],"neuroprotective":[311],"reduce":[314],"apoptotic":[318],"death.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}