{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005673510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268","title":"Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis.","display_name":"Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005673510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268","mag":"2005673510","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12002955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090770546","display_name":"James K. Harter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James K. Harter","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Gallup Organization, Lincoln, NE, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Gallup Organization, Lincoln, NE, US","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103547969","display_name":"Frank L. Schmidt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank L. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["U Iowa, Coll of Business Administration, Iowa City, IA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Iowa, Coll of Business Administration, Iowa City, IA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013624055","display_name":"Theodore L. Hayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-4283","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-4283"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodore L. Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Immigration & Naturalization Service, Washington, DC, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Immigration & Naturalization Service, Washington, DC, US","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3926,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5745,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85185185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"87","issue":"2","first_page":"268","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14309","display_name":"Employee Performance and Management","score":0.0421999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12843","display_name":"Human Resource and Talent Management","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-satisfaction","display_name":"job satisfaction","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-engagement","display_name":"employee engagement","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customer-satisfaction","display_name":"customer satisfaction","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"productivity","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profitability","display_name":"profitability","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-turnover","display_name":"employee turnover","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-accidents","display_name":"occupational accidents","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-practices","display_name":"management practices","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-performance","display_name":"organizational performance","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87931564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752211","display_name":"Strategic business unit","level":2,"score":0.7733922600746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99753626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14937678","display_name":"Employee engagement","level":2,"score":0.7674990892410278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2718322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629463","display_name":"Job satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.6737620830535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.6090530753135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182021174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374295","display_name":"Employee research","level":3,"score":0.5899791717529297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26077564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1910318","display_name":"Turnover","level":2,"score":0.5651984214782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5435261130332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191511416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q999278","display_name":"Customer satisfaction","level":2,"score":0.5172263383865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5154591202735901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778564829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010605","display_name":"Employee motivation","level":2,"score":0.44642049074172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4164023995399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.39655280113220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31175029277801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.27330613136291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12090054154396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.11825993657112122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.09257945418357849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003258","descriptor_name":"Consumer Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007588","descriptor_name":"Job Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015279","descriptor_name":"Organizational Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017598","descriptor_name":"Efficiency, Organizational","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037//0021-9010.87.2.268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.2.268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.2.268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12002955","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12002955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of applied psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2183257100","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://northofneutral.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/empolyee-engagement-and-business-outcomes.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163832182","https://openalex.org/W173586128","https://openalex.org/W419436937","https://openalex.org/W1511920456","https://openalex.org/W1535520578","https://openalex.org/W1589817015","https://openalex.org/W1988076068","https://openalex.org/W1989496383","https://openalex.org/W2000285754","https://openalex.org/W2005087740","https://openalex.org/W2017111451","https://openalex.org/W2019299603","https://openalex.org/W2023727471","https://openalex.org/W2024057333","https://openalex.org/W2025115221","https://openalex.org/W2040491004","https://openalex.org/W2045181804","https://openalex.org/W2048923737","https://openalex.org/W2049436788","https://openalex.org/W2051130243","https://openalex.org/W2053133047","https://openalex.org/W2055585671","https://openalex.org/W2055799281","https://openalex.org/W2064444255","https://openalex.org/W2068247965","https://openalex.org/W2079072704","https://openalex.org/W2084216115","https://openalex.org/W2091843200","https://openalex.org/W2103482478","https://openalex.org/W2115007524","https://openalex.org/W2120197817","https://openalex.org/W2125806375","https://openalex.org/W2126145919","https://openalex.org/W2132199097","https://openalex.org/W2170094403","https://openalex.org/W2178730721","https://openalex.org/W2314144213","https://openalex.org/W2498779411","https://openalex.org/W2558617523","https://openalex.org/W2613013009","https://openalex.org/W3141237911","https://openalex.org/W4205174299","https://openalex.org/W4229570919","https://openalex.org/W4248223323","https://openalex.org/W4253727008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183257100","https://openalex.org/W194571109","https://openalex.org/W2933918915","https://openalex.org/W1604974133","https://openalex.org/W2632507519","https://openalex.org/W2168829904","https://openalex.org/W2954673717","https://openalex.org/W7166336700","https://openalex.org/W1519892738","https://openalex.org/W2992537417"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Based":[0],"on":[1],"7,939":[2],"business":[3],"units":[4],"in":[5,60],"36":[6],"companies,":[7],"this":[8],"study":[9],"used":[10],"meta-analysis":[11],"to":[12,40],"examine":[13],"the":[14,17,24],"relationship":[15],"at":[16],"business-unit":[18,25,53,69],"level":[19],"between":[20,47],"employee":[21,32,49,65],"satisfaction-engagement":[22,50],"and":[23,34,51],"outcomes":[26],"of":[27],"customer":[28],"satisfaction,":[29],"productivity,":[30],"profit,":[31],"turnover,":[33],"accidents.":[35],"Generalizable":[36],"relationships":[37],"large":[38],"enough":[39],"have":[41],"substantial":[42],"practical":[43],"value":[44],"were":[45],"found":[46],"unit-level":[48],"these":[52],"outcomes.":[54],"One":[55],"implication":[56],"is":[57],"that":[58,63],"changes":[59],"management":[61],"practices":[62],"increase":[64,68],"satisfaction":[66],"may":[67],"outcomes,":[70],"including":[71],"profit.":[72]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":381},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":418},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":424},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":406},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":317},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":325},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":382},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":345},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":329},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":314},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":287},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":285},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":280},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":256},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":244}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}