{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005667459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","title":"Novel Design of Impact Attenuator for an 'Eco Challenge' Car","display_name":"Novel Design of Impact Attenuator for an 'Eco Challenge' Car","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005667459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","mag":"2005667459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128754310","display_name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","issn_l":"1660-9336","issn":["1660-9336","1662-7482","2297-8941"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317839","host_organization_name":"Trans Tech Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Trans Tech Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091197553","display_name":"Amir Radzi Ab Ghani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Radzi Ab Ghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA","Faculty of Mechanical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039948144","display_name":"Ramlan Kasiran","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramlan Kasiran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA","Faculty of Mechanical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066545997","display_name":"Mohd Shahriman Adenan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-8136","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-8136"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Shahriman Adenan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA","Faculty of Mechanical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066438155","display_name":"Mohd Hanif Mat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Haniff Mat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038109112","display_name":"Rizal Effendy Mohd Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1366-5979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1366-5979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rizal Effendy Mohd Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA","Faculty of Mechanical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039166455","display_name":"Mohd Faizal Mohamad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-6460","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-6460"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Faizal Mohamad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA","Faculty of Mechanical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037286779","display_name":"\u202aWan Ahmad Najmi Wan Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8430-1512","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8430-1512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan Ahmad Najmi Wan Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA","Faculty of Mechanical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5774,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85094632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"165","issue":null,"first_page":"237","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14445","display_name":"Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis","score":0.7480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14445","display_name":"Transportation Safety and Impact Analysis","score":0.7480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10707","display_name":"Cellular and Composite Structures","score":0.24690000712871552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-attenuator","display_name":"impact attenuator","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-energy-absorption","display_name":"impact energy absorption","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deceleration-rate","display_name":"deceleration rate","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-force","display_name":"impact force","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-vehicle-structures","display_name":"lightweight vehicle structures","score":0.5600000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174847166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1269728","display_name":"Attenuator (electronics)","level":3,"score":0.8295299410820007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15001198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241394","display_name":"Toroid","level":3,"score":0.5675041079521179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992524093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486802","display_name":"Impact energy","level":2,"score":0.5383286476135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.521609902381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.5145518183708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62609721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3023293","display_name":"Specific energy","level":2,"score":0.4710146188735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.42951396107673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4244832992553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35398632287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.18478044867515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0900644063949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128754310","display_name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","issn_l":"1660-9336","issn":["1660-9336","1662-7482","2297-8941"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317839","host_organization_name":"Trans Tech Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Trans Tech Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128754310","display_name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","issn_l":"1660-9336","issn":["1660-9336","1662-7482","2297-8941"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310317839","host_organization_name":"Trans Tech Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310317839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Trans Tech Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78441717","https://openalex.org/W2022045804","https://openalex.org/W2111959250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389772695","https://openalex.org/W2356507289","https://openalex.org/W2514464399","https://openalex.org/W2373477153","https://openalex.org/W3094462591","https://openalex.org/W4367147853","https://openalex.org/W3217517359","https://openalex.org/W233057023","https://openalex.org/W2283840239","https://openalex.org/W2807463842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thin-walled":[0],"metallic":[1],"tubular":[2],"structures":[3,13],"are":[4],"generally":[5],"used":[6,134],"as":[7,164],"impact":[8,37,47,71,79,138,143],"energy":[9,23,38,48,80,141],"absorber":[10],"in":[11],"automotive":[12],"due":[14],"to":[15,68,135],"their":[16],"ease":[17],"of":[18,51,90,147],"fabrication":[19],"and":[20,26,85,103,126,145],"installation,":[21],"high":[22],"absorption":[24],"capacity":[25],"long":[27],"stroke.":[28],"However,":[29],"unlike":[30],"a":[31,58],"normal":[32],"passenger":[33],"car":[34,54],"where":[35],"the":[36,43,46,62,78,82,87,96,137,155,165],"can":[39,75,158],"be":[40,159],"distributed":[41],"throughout":[42],"whole":[44],"structure,":[45],"absorbing":[49],"system":[50,73],"an":[52,70],"Eco-Challenge":[53],"is":[55,67],"confined":[56],"within":[57,81],"limited":[59],"space":[60,84],"on":[61],"front":[63],"bulkhead.":[64],"The":[65],"challenge":[66],"develop":[69],"attenuator":[72],"that":[74,157],"effectively":[76],"absorb":[77],"given":[83],"fulfil":[86],"specified":[88],"rate":[89,146],"deceleration.":[91,148],"This":[92],"new":[93],"design":[94],"utilized":[95],"standard":[97],"Aluminium":[98],"6063":[99],"circular":[100,125],"tubes,":[101],"cut":[102],"welded":[104],"into":[105],"specific":[106],"configurations":[107,122,150],"i.e.":[108,140],"stacked":[109],"toroidal":[110],"tubes":[111],"with":[112],"central":[113],"axial":[114],"tube":[115],"sandwiched":[116],"between":[117],"two":[118],"flat":[119],"plates.":[120],"Two":[121],"were":[123],"investigated;":[124],"square":[127],"toroids.":[128],"Explicit":[129],"non-linear":[130],"FEA":[131],"software":[132],"was":[133,162],"determine":[136],"response":[139],"absorption,":[142],"force":[144],"Both":[149],"showed":[151],"promising":[152],"results":[153],"but":[154],"configuration":[156],"readily":[160],"fabricated":[161],"chosen":[163],"final":[166],"design.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
