{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005496500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818750","title":"A stereo camera system for autonomous maritime navigation (AMN) vehicles","display_name":"A stereo camera system for autonomous maritime navigation (AMN) vehicles","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005496500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818750","mag":"2005496500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.818750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633914","display_name":"Weihong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4960-4169","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4960-4169","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4953-6821"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162013","display_name":"Technical Solutions (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05sz2wg38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162013"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Solutions Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Solutions Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077988963","display_name":"Ping Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4084-8990","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4084-8990"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086643296","display_name":"Les Elkins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Les Elkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rick Simon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rick Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Gore","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Gore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034536766","display_name":"Jeff Cogar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Cogar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Integrated Systems, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kevin Hildebrand","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162013","display_name":"Technical Solutions (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05sz2wg38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162013"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Hildebrand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Solutions Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Solutions Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Steve Crawford","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162013","display_name":"Technical Solutions (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05sz2wg38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162013"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Crawford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Solutions Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Solutions Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162013"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077185896","display_name":"Joe Fuller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88694374","display_name":"Marshall University","ror":"https://ror.org/02erqft81","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88694374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joe Fuller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marshall Univ. (United States)","Marshall University United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marshall Univ. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88694374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marshall University United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88694374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8203,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67615359,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"7332","issue":null,"first_page":"733216","last_page":"733216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereo-camera","display_name":"stereo camera","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmanned-surface-vessels","display_name":"unmanned surface vehicles","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereo-matching","display_name":"stereo matching","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camera-calibration","display_name":"camera calibration","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-object-reconstruction","display_name":"3D object reconstruction","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subpixel-edge-detection","display_name":"sub-pixel edge detection","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud-noise-removal","display_name":"point cloud noise removal","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-measures","display_name":"correlation measures","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavior-based-control","display_name":"behavior-based control","score":0.48399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7705349326133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7579241991043091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.713057279586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185078393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313783","display_name":"Stereo camera","level":2,"score":0.5500173568725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35861506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141434","display_name":"Stereo cameras","level":3,"score":0.5048142075538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.44533494114875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.43808382749557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4235972762107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.818750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314753","display_name":"Center for Craft, Creativity and Design","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054273450","https://openalex.org/W2018203869","https://openalex.org/W2580345890","https://openalex.org/W2154887931","https://openalex.org/W2883401174","https://openalex.org/W4409423876","https://openalex.org/W2740140959","https://openalex.org/W7140102675","https://openalex.org/W4416726852","https://openalex.org/W7161758916"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"Integrated":[1],"System":[2],"(SIS),":[3],"Rockville,":[4],"Maryland,":[5],"in":[6,53,71,89],"collaboration":[7],"with":[8,141],"NSWC":[9],"Combatant":[10],"Craft":[11],"Division":[12],"(NSWCCD),":[13],"is":[14,113],"applying":[15],"3D":[16,84,183],"imaging":[17],"technology,":[18],"artificial":[19],"intelligence,":[20],"sensor":[21],"fusion,":[22],"behaviors-based":[23],"control,":[24],"and":[25,36,64,86,104,131,138,144,150,169],"system":[26,52,80,154],"integration":[27],"to":[28,82,115,164,176,191],"a":[29,110,156,170],"prototype":[30],"40":[31],"foot,":[32],"high":[33],"performance":[34,194],"Research":[35],"Development":[37],"Unmanned":[38],"Surface":[39],"Vehicle":[40],"(USV).":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43,95],"focus":[44],"on":[45],"the":[46,49,54,72,78,90,117,122,166,181,193,196],"developments":[47],"of":[48,60,69,77,195],"stereo":[50,105,108,197],"camera":[51,79,102,198],"USV":[55],"navigation":[56],"that":[57],"currently":[58],"consists":[59],"two":[61,97],"high-resolution":[62],"cameras":[63,70],"will":[65],"incorporate":[66],"an":[67],"array":[68],"near":[73],"future.":[74],"The":[75,94],"objectives":[76],"are":[81,189],"re-construct":[83],"objects":[85],"detect":[87],"them":[88],"sea":[91],"water":[92],"surface.":[93],"reviews":[96],"critical":[98],"technological":[99],"components,":[100],"namely":[101],"calibration":[103],"matching.":[106],"In":[107],"matching,":[109],"comprehensive":[111],"study":[112],"presented":[114],"compare":[116],"algorithmic":[118],"performances":[119],"resulted":[120],"from":[121,180],"various":[123],"information":[124],"sources":[125],"(intensity,":[126],"RGB":[127],"values,":[128],"Gaussian":[129,132],"gradients":[130],"Laplacians),":[133],"patching":[134],"schemas":[135],"(single":[136],"windows,":[137],"multiple":[139],"windows":[140],"same/different":[142],"centers),":[143],"correlation":[145],"metrics":[146],"(convolution,":[147],"absolute":[148],"difference,":[149],"histogram).":[151],"To":[152],"enhance":[153],"performance,":[155],"sub-pixel":[157],"edge":[158],"detection":[159],"technique":[160],"has":[161],"been":[162],"introduced":[163],"address":[165],"precision":[167],"requirement":[168],"noise":[171],"removal":[172],"post-processing":[173],"step":[174],"added":[175],"eliminate":[177],"noisy":[178],"points":[179],"reconstructed":[182],"point":[184],"clouds.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"experimental":[187],"results":[188],"reported":[190],"demonstrate":[192],"system.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}