{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005432487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990630)18:12<1517::aid-sim132>3.0.co;2-4","title":"A frailty approach for modelling diseases with variable age of onset in families: the NHLBI family heart study","display_name":"A frailty approach for modelling diseases with variable age of onset in families: the NHLBI family heart study","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005432487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990630)18:12<1517::aid-sim132>3.0.co;2-4","mag":"2005432487","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10398289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990630)18:12<1517::aid-sim132>3.0.co;2-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990630)18:12<1517::aid-sim132>3.0.co;2-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990630)18:12<1517::aid-sim132>3.0.co;2-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55189604","display_name":"Statistics in Medicine","issn_l":"0277-6715","issn":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023411724","display_name":"Kimberly D. Siegmund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7599-9726","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7599-9726"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly D. Siegmund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA. kims@rcf.usc.edu","Department of Preventive Medicine, University Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, Suite 220, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA. kims@rcf.usc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, Suite 220, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109052417","display_name":"Alexandre A. Todorov","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre A. Todorov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004832167","display_name":"Michael A. Province","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6102-774X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6102-774X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Province","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023411724"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":{"value":5450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3521,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59599623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"1517","last_page":"1528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10968","display_name":"Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications","score":0.010300000198185444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frailty-models","display_name":"frailty models","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/familial-aggregation","display_name":"familial aggregation","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-risk-factors","display_name":"genetic risk factors","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-environment","display_name":"shared environment","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygenes","display_name":"polygenes","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-point-distribution","display_name":"two-point distribution","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mendelian-transmission","display_name":"Mendelian transmission","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation-maximization-algorithm","display_name":"expectation-maximization algorithm","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronary-artery-disease","display_name":"coronary artery disease","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nhlbi-family-heart-study","display_name":"NHLBI Family Heart Study","score":0.8790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4470658600330353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4691924","display_name":"Age of onset","level":3,"score":0.43928197026252747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4299178123474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3482344150543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3361426889896393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2836860418319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.140083909034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.10760653018951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002784","descriptor_name":"Cholesterol","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003327","descriptor_name":"Coronary Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003327","descriptor_name":"Coronary Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008955","descriptor_name":"Models, Cardiovascular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009316","descriptor_name":"National Institutes of Health (U.S.)","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015337","descriptor_name":"Multicenter Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017668","descriptor_name":"Age of Onset","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990630)18:12<1517::aid-sim132>3.0.co;2-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990630)18:12<1517::aid-sim132>3.0.co;2-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990630)18:12<1517::aid-sim132>3.0.co;2-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55189604","display_name":"Statistics in Medicine","issn_l":"0277-6715","issn":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10398289","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10398289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1258912124","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CA-52862","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1370828200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HL-56567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2215857313","display_name":"Survival Models for Genetic Epidemiology","funder_award_id":"R01CA052862","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3743233808","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GM 28719","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5363012497","display_name":"A Research Project in Genetic Epidemiology","funder_award_id":"R01GM028719","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W167992241","https://openalex.org/W1488863425","https://openalex.org/W1489433677","https://openalex.org/W1580788756","https://openalex.org/W1988938686","https://openalex.org/W1992955723","https://openalex.org/W2004089515","https://openalex.org/W2005452279","https://openalex.org/W2016547133","https://openalex.org/W2052169418","https://openalex.org/W2056124784","https://openalex.org/W2097313070","https://openalex.org/W2130428276","https://openalex.org/W2254350144","https://openalex.org/W2319384619","https://openalex.org/W3147894994","https://openalex.org/W4235019056","https://openalex.org/W4256170606","https://openalex.org/W4292027009","https://openalex.org/W4299812672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988938686","https://openalex.org/W238195233","https://openalex.org/W195229115","https://openalex.org/W2005452279","https://openalex.org/W1985103328","https://openalex.org/W2016547133","https://openalex.org/W2005146379","https://openalex.org/W7172413976","https://openalex.org/W2131219175","https://openalex.org/W2109721540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,87,113],"use":[1],"frailty":[2],"models":[3],"to":[4,148,154],"analyse":[5],"the":[6,31,75,94,98,115,123,158],"effect":[7],"of":[8,30,33,77,97,100,157],"latent":[9,24,164],"genetic":[10],"and":[11,38,61,127],"environmental":[12],"risk":[13,25,160],"factors":[14,26],"on":[15,117],"hazard":[16],"functions":[17,29],"in":[18,144],"nuclear":[19],"families.":[20],"The":[21,42,71],"approach":[22,92],"expresses":[23],"(frailties)":[27],"as":[28],"effects":[32,107],"a":[34,50,58,68,89,135,149,163],"single":[35],"major":[36],"gene":[37,85,103],"shared":[39,47,150],"familial":[40,111,151],"risk.":[41],"latter":[43],"may":[44],"result":[45],"from":[46,122],"polygenes":[48],"and/or":[49],"common":[51],"environment.":[52],"Genetic":[53],"frailties":[54,63],"are":[55],"modelled":[56],"using":[57,67],"two-point":[59,72],"distribution,":[60],"residual":[62,110,142],"(shared":[64],"environment,":[65],"polygenes)":[66],"gamma":[69],"distribution.":[70],"distribution":[73],"follows":[74],"laws":[76],"Mendelian":[78],"transmission,":[79],"under":[80],"either":[81],"dominant":[82],"or":[83],"recessive":[84],"action.":[86],"describe":[88],"robust":[90],"EM":[91],"for":[93],"joint":[95],"estimation":[96],"magnitude":[99],"genetic,":[101],"covariate,":[102],"by":[104],"covariate":[105],"interaction":[106],"while":[108],"allowing":[109],"correlation.":[112],"illustrate":[114],"method":[116],"coronary":[118],"heart":[119],"disease":[120,145],"data":[121],"National":[124],"Heart,":[125],"Lung,":[126],"Blood":[128],"Institute":[129],"Family":[130],"Heart":[131],"Study.":[132],"In":[133],"addition,":[134],"simulation":[136],"study":[137],"shows":[138],"that":[139],"ignoring":[140],"possible":[141],"correlation":[143],"status":[146],"due":[147],"environment":[152],"leads":[153],"an":[155],"overestimate":[156],"relative":[159],"associated":[161],"with":[162],"genotype.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
