{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005377043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02229.x","title":"Implementing Change in an Urban School District: A Case Study of the Reorganization of the Little Rock School District","display_name":"Implementing Change in an Urban School District: A Case Study of the Reorganization of the Little Rock School District","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005377043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02229.x","mag":"2005377043"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02229.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02229.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02229.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76877748","display_name":"Public Administration Review","issn_l":"0033-3352","issn":["0033-3352","1540-6210"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Administration Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joseph Y. Howard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32038505","display_name":"University of Central Arkansas","ror":"https://ror.org/029bp0k25","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32038505"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Y. Howard","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Arkansas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Arkansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32038505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015679106","display_name":"Sharon L. Wrobel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sharon L. Wrobel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis","University of Memphis#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050524666","display_name":"Keith A. Nitta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138624","display_name":"University of Washington Bothell","ror":"https://ror.org/02ygzhr13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210138624"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keith A. Nitta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Bothell"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Bothell","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138624"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015679106","https://openalex.org/A5050524666"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32038505","https://openalex.org/I4210138624","https://openalex.org/I94658018"],"apc_list":{"value":4250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0744,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88662704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"6","first_page":"934","last_page":"941"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12210","display_name":"Policy Transfer and Learning","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-implementation","display_name":"policy implementation","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-restructuring","display_name":"school restructuring","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-district-administration","display_name":"school district administration","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-ambiguity","display_name":"policy ambiguity","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-conflict","display_name":"policy conflict","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-differences","display_name":"stakeholder differences","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-school-districts","display_name":"urban school districts","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/little-rock-school-district","display_name":"Little Rock School District","score":0.7200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.8457472324371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.7948523759841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992462468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398141","display_name":"School district","level":2,"score":0.5863503217697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.47681304812431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778849394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155633","display_name":"Comparative case","level":2,"score":0.4635431468486786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4610537588596344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.429312527179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4226263463497162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3344406485557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32690131664276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19418087601661682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.15852931141853333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0960671603679657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02229.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02229.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02229.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76877748","display_name":"Public Administration Review","issn_l":"0033-3352","issn":["0033-3352","1540-6210"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Administration Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7297000288963318}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187365452","https://openalex.org/W570351146","https://openalex.org/W1594136031","https://openalex.org/W1604408072","https://openalex.org/W1969067691","https://openalex.org/W1991965138","https://openalex.org/W2006021834","https://openalex.org/W2007342040","https://openalex.org/W2012274523","https://openalex.org/W2012832342","https://openalex.org/W2015553827","https://openalex.org/W2037922154","https://openalex.org/W2040250226","https://openalex.org/W2079126741","https://openalex.org/W2128488978","https://openalex.org/W2147272684","https://openalex.org/W2268460453","https://openalex.org/W2396655926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2268460453","https://openalex.org/W7096763627","https://openalex.org/W586237212","https://openalex.org/W611774505","https://openalex.org/W3037664256","https://openalex.org/W1845971680","https://openalex.org/W2093174725","https://openalex.org/W1595463627","https://openalex.org/W3202721949","https://openalex.org/W1605989229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,61],"July":[1],"2005,":[2],"the":[3,34,37,50,66,76,84,88,100,111],"Little":[4],"Rock,":[5],"Arkansas,":[6],"school":[7,41,56],"district":[8],"implemented":[9],"a":[10,22],"new":[11],"policy":[12,32,77,101,108,114,117],"to":[13,20,75,87,120],"reorganize":[14],"its":[15],"management":[16],"structure":[17],"in":[18,110],"order":[19],"create":[21],"more":[23],"efficient":[24],"bureaucracy.":[25],"Using":[26],"Richard":[27],"Matland\u2019s":[28,64],"ambiguity-conflict":[29],"model":[30],"of":[31,39,79,90,97,107,113],"implementation,":[33],"authors":[35,85],"examine":[36],"implementation":[38,71,102,123],"this":[40],"reorganization":[42],"policy.":[43],"Interviews":[44],"and":[45,52,59,81,116],"surveys":[46],"were":[47],"conducted":[48],"with":[49,63],"superintendent":[51],"his":[53],"executive":[54],"assistants,":[55],"principals,":[57],"teachers,":[58],"staff.":[60],"line":[62],"model,":[65],"findings":[67],"suggest":[68],"that":[69],"successful":[70],"is":[72],"directly":[73],"related":[74],"characteristics":[78,93],"ambiguity":[80,115],"conflict.":[82],"However,":[83],"point":[86],"importance":[89],"recognizing":[91],"particular":[92],"for":[94],"different":[95,122],"groups":[96,106],"stakeholders":[98],"within":[99],"process.":[103],"Discrepancies":[104],"among":[105],"actors":[109],"degree":[112],"conflict":[118],"lead":[119],"strikingly":[121],"strategies.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}