{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005364767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309","title":"Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.","display_name":"Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005364767","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309","mag":"2005364767"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35369596","display_name":"Psychological Assessment","issn_l":"1040-3590","issn":["1040-3590","1939-134X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013831444","display_name":"Lee Anna Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-4347","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-4347"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee Anna Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["U Iowa Dept of Psychology, Iowa City, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U Iowa Dept of Psychology, Iowa City, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057408392","display_name":"David Watson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-0576","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-0576"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame,, IN, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame,, IN, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.3404,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7303,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99532533,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"309","last_page":"319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13117","display_name":"Health Education and Validation","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"construct validity","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-development","display_name":"scale development","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unidimensionality","display_name":"unidimensionality","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant-validity","display_name":"discriminant validity","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-wording","display_name":"item wording","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-analysis","display_name":"factor analysis","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-consistency","display_name":"internal consistency","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subscales","display_name":"subscales","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-samples","display_name":"heterogeneous samples","score":0.42899999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7437425851821899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.6745049953460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019714060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322514","display_name":"Validation test","level":4,"score":0.5736770033836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.5724050998687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5367938280105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.4289230704307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3078853487968445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35369596","display_name":"Psychological Assessment","issn_l":"1040-3590","issn":["1040-3590","1939-134X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.3.309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1040-3590.7.3.309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//1040-3590.7.3.309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35369596","display_name":"Psychological Assessment","issn_l":"1040-3590","issn":["1040-3590","1939-134X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.332.7973","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.7973","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.personal.kent.edu/~dfresco/CRM_Readings/Clark_and_Watson_1995.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31136938","https://openalex.org/W78440365","https://openalex.org/W433095323","https://openalex.org/W1517529800","https://openalex.org/W1556033561","https://openalex.org/W1809763391","https://openalex.org/W1856927393","https://openalex.org/W1964218847","https://openalex.org/W1964822665","https://openalex.org/W1969373728","https://openalex.org/W1970070749","https://openalex.org/W1985442453","https://openalex.org/W1986021671","https://openalex.org/W1989528006","https://openalex.org/W1993710876","https://openalex.org/W1998258494","https://openalex.org/W2001220364","https://openalex.org/W2002336700","https://openalex.org/W2014470421","https://openalex.org/W2016002462","https://openalex.org/W2022185534","https://openalex.org/W2028944185","https://openalex.org/W2039173306","https://openalex.org/W2043388471","https://openalex.org/W2048297685","https://openalex.org/W2058513103","https://openalex.org/W2061051906","https://openalex.org/W2064105970","https://openalex.org/W2074351684","https://openalex.org/W2079870253","https://openalex.org/W2080643889","https://openalex.org/W2081686674","https://openalex.org/W2117012826","https://openalex.org/W2117868896","https://openalex.org/W2136033660","https://openalex.org/W2141302415","https://openalex.org/W2145690020","https://openalex.org/W2158301996","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2169622443","https://openalex.org/W2175737394","https://openalex.org/W2489048134","https://openalex.org/W4240922193","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099213190","https://openalex.org/W2923413722","https://openalex.org/W4235757510","https://openalex.org/W2043867338","https://openalex.org/W2134429593","https://openalex.org/W579060270","https://openalex.org/W3018381810","https://openalex.org/W2040780635","https://openalex.org/W4310770638","https://openalex.org/W2897025222"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"primary":[1],"goal":[2,100],"of":[3,12,32,46,53,90,133,142,149],"scale":[4,97],"development":[5],"is":[6,38,101],"to":[7,25,40,137],"create":[8],"a":[9,43,83,123,146],"valid":[10],"measure":[11],"an":[13],"underlying":[14],"construct.":[15,49],"We":[16,135],"discuss":[17],"theoretical":[18],"principles,":[19],"practical":[20],"issues,":[21],"and":[22,34,61,130],"pragmatic":[23],"decisions":[24],"help":[26],"developers":[27],"maximize":[28],"the":[29,47,51,54,68,87,91,99,128,139],"construct":[30],"validity":[31,132],"scales":[33],"subscales.":[35],"First,":[36],"it":[37],"essential":[39],"begin":[41],"with":[42,75],"clear":[44],"conceptualization":[45],"target":[48,92],"Moreover,":[50],"content":[52],"initial":[55],"item":[56,62,69],"pool":[57,70],"should":[58,71,114],"be":[59,72,115],"overinclusive":[60],"wording":[63],"needs":[64],"careful":[65],"attention.":[66],"Next,":[67],"tested,":[73],"along":[74],"variables":[76],"that":[77,109],"assess":[78],"closely":[79],"related":[80],"constructs,":[81],"on":[82,145],"heterogeneous":[84],"sample":[85],"representing":[86],"entire":[88],"range":[89],"population.":[93],"Finally,":[94],"in":[95,117,126],"selecting":[96],"items,":[98],"unidimensionality":[102,129],"rather":[103],"than":[104],"internal":[105],"consistency;":[106],"this":[107,150],"means":[108],"virtually":[110],"all":[111],"interitem":[112],"correlations":[113],"moderate":[116],"magnitude.":[118],"Factor":[119],"analysis":[120],"can":[121],"play":[122],"crucial":[124],"role":[125],"ensuring":[127],"discriminant":[131],"scales.":[134],"wish":[136],"acknowledge":[138],"helpful":[140],"comments":[141],"Jane":[143],"Loevinger":[144],"previous":[147],"version":[148],"article.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":505},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":457},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":407},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":398},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":380},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":491},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":472},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":452},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":476},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":398},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":377},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":368},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":368},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":278},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":251}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
