{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005281854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.4.p166","title":"Effects of Labeling Techniques on Memory and Comprehension of Prescription Information in Young and Old Adults","display_name":"Effects of Labeling Techniques on Memory and Comprehension of Prescription Information in Young and Old Adults","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005281854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.4.p166","mag":"2005281854","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1694874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/geronj/45.4.p166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.4.p166","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.4.p166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735781901","display_name":"Journal of Gerontology","issn_l":"0022-1422","issn":["0022-1422","2331-3323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Gerontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076560369","display_name":"Roger W. Morrell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. W. Morrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia, Athens"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia, Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004372354","display_name":"D. C. Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. C. Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia Athens"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057523594","display_name":"Leonard W. Poon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. W. Poon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Georgia Athens"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Georgia Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2182,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":134,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94649281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"4","first_page":"P166","last_page":"P172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.45170000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.45170000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13970","display_name":"Pharmacy and Medical Practices","score":0.1590999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10827","display_name":"Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare","score":0.10140000283718109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prescription-drug-labels","display_name":"prescription drug labels","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medication-comprehension","display_name":"medication comprehension","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medication-instructions","display_name":"medication instructions","score":0.3240000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.8222826719284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.6645783185958862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.579865574836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.5413640737533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4989199638366699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.46800342202186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.35975682735443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3319169878959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18481317162513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001296","descriptor_name":"Audiovisual Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001296","descriptor_name":"Audiovisual Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001296","descriptor_name":"Audiovisual Aids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004348","descriptor_name":"Drug Labeling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004348","descriptor_name":"Drug Labeling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004348","descriptor_name":"Drug Labeling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010353","descriptor_name":"Patient Education as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010353","descriptor_name":"Patient Education as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010353","descriptor_name":"Patient Education as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/geronj/45.4.p166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.4.p166","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.4.p166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2735781901","display_name":"Journal of Gerontology","issn_l":"0022-1422","issn":["0022-1422","2331-3323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Gerontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1694874","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1694874","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of gerontology","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.766700029373169,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311262","display_name":"AARP Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03ktsar73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325505","display_name":"Agence Nationale pour le D\u00e9veloppement de la Recherche Universitaire","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124017203","https://openalex.org/W2286416434","https://openalex.org/W2111100938","https://openalex.org/W2471395154","https://openalex.org/W2060266937","https://openalex.org/W2510840386","https://openalex.org/W4233600555","https://openalex.org/W2166932601","https://openalex.org/W1997009059","https://openalex.org/W64982818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"conducted":[1],"a":[2,13,17,39],"study":[3],"to":[4,16,90,106,120,125,148],"determine":[5],"the":[6,82,139,150],"effects":[7],"of":[8,41,56,152],"presenting":[9],"prescription":[10,48,77,96,122,133,155],"information":[11,35,78,103,123],"in":[12,24,54],"pictorial":[14,67],"compared":[15],"verbal":[18,59,63,132],"format":[19],"on":[20,50,154],"comprehension":[21,30],"and":[22,26,31,43,113,141],"memory":[23,32,75,94],"young":[25],"old":[27],"adults.":[28,127],"Both":[29],"for":[33,76,95,138],"drug":[34],"were":[36,117],"studied":[37],"as":[38],"function":[40],"age":[42],"presentation":[44,111],"method.":[45],"Participants":[46],"received":[47],"instructions":[49,60,64,88],"actual":[51],"medicine":[52],"bottles":[53],"one":[55],"two":[57],"formats:":[58],"only,":[61],"or":[62],"mixed":[65,83,87],"with":[66],"representations.":[68],"Results":[69,128],"indicated":[70],"that":[71,86,130,142],"(a)":[72],"younger":[73,99,126],"adults'":[74,93],"was":[79],"facilitated":[80],"by":[81],"instructions,":[84],"but":[85],"appeared":[89],"hamper":[91],"older":[92,107,115],"information;":[97],"(b)":[98],"adults":[100,108,116],"recalled":[101],"more":[102,136],"overall":[104],"relative":[105,124],"across":[109],"both":[110],"conditions;":[112],"(c)":[114],"less":[118],"able":[119],"comprehend":[121],"suggest":[129],"well-organized":[131],"labels":[134],"are":[135],"facilitative":[137],"elderly":[140],"additional":[143],"efforts":[144],"must":[145],"be":[146],"undertaken":[147],"improve":[149],"clarity":[151],"labeling":[153],"drugs.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}