{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005198689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12020","title":"Invitation withdrawn: humanitarian action, United Nations peacekeeping, and state sovereignty in Chad","display_name":"Invitation withdrawn: humanitarian action, United Nations peacekeeping, and state sovereignty in Chad","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005198689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12020","mag":"2005198689","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23876051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/disa.12020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172483627","display_name":"Disasters","issn_l":"0361-3666","issn":["0361-3666","1467-7717"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disasters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/334650","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037471791","display_name":"John Karlsrud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-1098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8409-1098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289895318","display_name":"Norwegian Institute of International Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/01pznaa94","country_code":"NO","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289895318","https://openalex.org/I4210131556","https://openalex.org/I4210149801"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31575130","display_name":"SOAS University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04vrxay34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I31575130"]}],"countries":["GB","NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Karlsrud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Fellow, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Norway PhD Candidate, The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom","Research Fellow, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Fellow, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Norway PhD Candidate, The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1289895318","https://openalex.org/I31575130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Fellow, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289895318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034373919","display_name":"Diana Felix da Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3467-7012","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3467-7012"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31575130","display_name":"SOAS University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04vrxay34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I31575130"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diana Felix da Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["PhD Candidate, The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD Candidate, The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I31575130"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034373919","https://openalex.org/A5037471791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1289895318","https://openalex.org/I31575130"],"apc_list":{"value":3730,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3730},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0679,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90410288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"s2","first_page":"S171","last_page":"87"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12263","display_name":"Peacebuilding and International Security","score":0.5429999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12263","display_name":"Peacebuilding and International Security","score":0.5429999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12752","display_name":"Global Peace and Security Dynamics","score":0.43799999356269836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13938","display_name":"Historical and Contemporary Political Dynamics","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanitarian-action","display_name":"humanitarian action","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/un-peacekeeping","display_name":"UN peacekeeping","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-sovereignty","display_name":"state sovereignty","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanitarian-protection","display_name":"humanitarian protection","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanitarian-workers","display_name":"humanitarian workers","score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eastern-chad","display_name":"eastern Chad","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-humanitarianism","display_name":"international humanitarianism","score":0.4020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183761623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10954043","display_name":"Peacekeeping","level":2,"score":0.8349465131759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.78810715675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.677239716053009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6566537618637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6442205309867859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521897407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826745","display_name":"Humanitarian aid","level":2,"score":0.6141838431358337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.5123018026351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779872411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774161","display_name":"International community","level":3,"score":0.49675828218460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165341840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3624078","display_name":"Sovereign state","level":4,"score":0.4371323585510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4335804581642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777742874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617059","display_name":"Humanitarian crisis","level":3,"score":0.431894451379776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4125121235847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2041417956352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.1482240855693817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000533","descriptor_name":"Altruism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000533","descriptor_name":"Altruism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000533","descriptor_name":"Altruism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002596","descriptor_name":"Chad","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002596","descriptor_name":"Chad","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002596","descriptor_name":"Chad","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007391","descriptor_name":"International Cooperation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007391","descriptor_name":"International Cooperation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007391","descriptor_name":"International Cooperation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014480","descriptor_name":"United Nations","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014480","descriptor_name":"United Nations","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014480","descriptor_name":"United Nations","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014857","descriptor_name":"Warfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014857","descriptor_name":"Warfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014857","descriptor_name":"Warfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/disa.12020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12020","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172483627","display_name":"Disasters","issn_l":"0361-3666","issn":["0361-3666","1467-7717"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disasters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23876051","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23876051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disasters","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soas.ac.uk:25324","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/25324/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400728","display_name":"Center for International and Regional Studies (Georgetown University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","host_organization_name":"Georgetown University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:soas-repository.worktribe.com:334650","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/334650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402168","display_name":"SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31575130","host_organization_name":"SOAS University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31575130"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:soas-repository.worktribe.com:334650","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/334650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402168","display_name":"SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31575130","host_organization_name":"SOAS University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31575130"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.75}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593162251","https://openalex.org/W1969442067","https://openalex.org/W1978330847","https://openalex.org/W2004003910","https://openalex.org/W2158163102","https://openalex.org/W2287181892","https://openalex.org/W2475842924","https://openalex.org/W2493139720","https://openalex.org/W2585153787","https://openalex.org/W2789139578","https://openalex.org/W2801751348","https://openalex.org/W4206926050","https://openalex.org/W4214900062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311893819","https://openalex.org/W3122792908","https://openalex.org/W3164849561","https://openalex.org/W2955230560","https://openalex.org/W2327667489","https://openalex.org/W4205805489","https://openalex.org/W4233692490","https://openalex.org/W3188683916","https://openalex.org/W2180167705","https://openalex.org/W312464749"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,72],"paper":[1],"looks":[2],"at":[3],"the":[4,8,14,19,36,64,75,84,86,92,96,113,116,126,135],"three-way":[5],"relationship":[6],"between":[7,74],"Government":[9],"of":[10,39,66,88,98,115,128,138],"Chad,":[11],"humanitarians,":[12],"and":[13,23,44,61,78,107,118,121],"United":[15],"Nations":[16],"Mission":[17],"in":[18,55,69,123,141],"Central":[20],"African":[21],"Republic":[22],"Chad":[24,31,106,143],"(MINURCAT)":[25],"from":[26],"2004":[27],"until":[28],"June":[29],"2011.":[30],"was":[32,53],"never":[33],"comfortable":[34],"with":[35],"international":[37,119],"presence":[38],"either":[40],"humanitarians":[41],"or":[42],"peacekeepers":[43],"asserted":[45],"its":[46,108],"sovereignty":[47],"increasingly":[48],"during":[49],"this":[50],"period.":[51],"MINURCAT":[52],"deployed":[54],"2008":[56],"to":[57,62,82],"protect":[58],"humanitarian":[59,67,79,117],"workers":[60],"facilitate":[63],"provision":[65],"assistance":[68],"eastern":[70,142],"Chad.":[71],"association":[73],"UN":[76],"mission":[77],"agencies":[80],"contributed":[81],"making":[83],"latter":[85],"target":[87],"repressive":[89],"practices":[90],"by":[91],"government,":[93],"such":[94],"as":[95],"imposition":[97],"armed":[99],"escorts.":[100],"Facing":[101],"a":[102],"steep":[103],"learning":[104],"curve,":[105],"state":[109],"officials":[110],"gradually":[111],"appropriated":[112],"discourse":[114],"community":[120],"ultimately,":[122],"2010,":[124],"requested":[125],"departure":[127],"MINURCAT,":[129],"claiming":[130],"that":[131],"they":[132],"could":[133],"meet":[134],"protection":[136],"needs":[137],"vulnerable":[139],"populations":[140],"on":[144],"their":[145],"own.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}