{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005179768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-60-4-803","title":"Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Overtrained Athletes*","display_name":"Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Overtrained Athletes*","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005179768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-60-4-803","mag":"2005179768","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2982908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1210/jcem-60-4-803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-60-4-803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-60-4-803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205775358","display_name":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","issn_l":"0021-972X","issn":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2005179768"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108512345","display_name":"JEFFREY L. BARRON","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JEFFREY L. BARRON","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029631822","display_name":"Timothy David Noakes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-2375","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-2375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"TIMOTHY D. NOAKES","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"WENDY LEVY","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"WENDY LEVY","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113728935","display_name":"Colleen E. Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"COLLEEN SMITH","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073165630","display_name":"Robert Peter Millar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-2708","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3606-2708"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ROBERT P. MILLAR","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa; and the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Pathology and MRC Peptide Research Unit Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Department of Physiology, Metropolitan Sports Science Centre, University of Cape Town Medical School Observatory, 7925 South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0271,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":309,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98338802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"4","first_page":"803","last_page":"806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.4603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.4603999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10529","display_name":"Stress Responses and Cortisol","score":0.2296999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2802","display_name":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10960","display_name":"Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones","score":0.06300000101327896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2743","display_name":"Reproductive Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overtraining-syndrome","display_name":"overtraining syndrome","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothalamic-dysfunction","display_name":"hypothalamic dysfunction","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothalamic-pituitary-function","display_name":"hypothalamic-pituitary function","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-induced-hypoglycemia","display_name":"insulin-induced hypoglycemia","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marathon-runners","display_name":"marathon runners","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-cortisol","display_name":"plasma cortisol","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acth","display_name":"ACTH","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-hormone","display_name":"growth hormone","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prolactin","display_name":"prolactin","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luteinizing-hormone","display_name":"luteinizing hormone","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-stimulating-hormone","display_name":"thyroid-stimulating hormone","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gonadotropin-releasing-hormone","display_name":"gonadotropin-releasing hormone","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyrotropin-releasing-hormone","display_name":"thyrotropin-releasing hormone","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-biomarkers","display_name":"diagnostic biomarkers","score":0.781000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778534509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334310","display_name":"Overtraining","level":3,"score":0.9407658576965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707292","display_name":"Asymptomatic","level":2,"score":0.7976202368736267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202758","display_name":"Hypoglycemia","level":3,"score":0.6615055203437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6564472913742065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.6257749199867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6093974709510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.5378588438034058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.42655301094055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.4227468967437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.22554069757461548}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000324","descriptor_name":"Adrenocorticotropic Hormone","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006854","descriptor_name":"Hydrocortisone","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007031","descriptor_name":"Hypothalamus","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010806","descriptor_name":"Physical Education and Training","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010807","descriptor_name":"Physical Endurance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012420","descriptor_name":"Running","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013006","descriptor_name":"Growth Hormone","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1210/jcem-60-4-803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-60-4-803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-60-4-803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205775358","display_name":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","issn_l":"0021-972X","issn":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:2982908","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2982908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024968806","https://openalex.org/W2056908588","https://openalex.org/W2072885095","https://openalex.org/W2075273114","https://openalex.org/W2098914763","https://openalex.org/W2109455651","https://openalex.org/W2113080377","https://openalex.org/W2264836291","https://openalex.org/W2396338935","https://openalex.org/W2779342656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083516468","https://openalex.org/W2047161019","https://openalex.org/W2741861568","https://openalex.org/W2772154005","https://openalex.org/W1976731152","https://openalex.org/W2770094722","https://openalex.org/W3021557918","https://openalex.org/W2194431487","https://openalex.org/W3026386859","https://openalex.org/W3087977002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0],"athletes":[1,88,128],"who":[2],"undertake":[3],"strenuous":[4],"training":[5,92],"programs":[6],"for":[7],"a":[8,43,98,181],"prolonged":[9],"period":[10,45],"of":[11,19,63,111,142,173,184],"time":[12],"develop":[13],"the":[14,20,30,64,80,125,135,140,143,149,185],"overtraining":[15,186],"syndrome.":[16,187],"The":[17,61,113,161],"pathophysiology":[18],"condition":[21],"is":[22],"unknown.":[23],"Hypothalamic-pituitary":[24],"function":[25],"was":[26,67],"studied":[27],"by":[28],"determining":[29],"hormonal":[31,163],"responses":[32,120,133,141,154,164],"to":[33,121,155,165],"insulin-induced":[34,122,166],"hypoglycemia":[35,123],"in":[36,46,56,124],"five":[37],"asymptomatic":[38,65,144],"male":[39,59],"marathon":[40],"runners":[41,66],"during":[42],"4-month":[44],"which":[47],"they":[48],"ran":[49],"42-,":[50],"56-,":[51],"and":[52,55,75,82,93,97,101,106,118,137,152,157,178],"92-km":[53,83],"races":[54],"four":[57,86,126],"overtrained":[58,87,105,127],"athletes.":[60],"response":[62],"not":[68],"different":[69],"when":[70,104],"tested":[71,103],"1":[72],"month":[73],"before":[74],"within":[76],"48":[77],"h":[78],"after":[79,108,134,170],"42-":[81],"races.":[84],"All":[85],"presented":[89],"with":[90,168],"impaired":[91,162],"racing":[94],"times,":[95],"apathy,":[96],"heavy-legged":[99],"feeling":[100],"were":[102,129,159],"again":[107],"4":[109,171],"weeks":[110,172],"rest.":[112],"plasma":[114],"cortisol,":[115],"ACTH,":[116],"GH,":[117],"PRL":[119,153],"lower":[130,138],"than":[131,139],"their":[132],"rest":[136],"runners.":[145],"In":[146],"both":[147],"groups,":[148],"LH,":[150],"TSH,":[151],"LHRH":[156],"TRH":[158],"normal.":[160],"hypoglycemia,":[167],"recovery":[169],"rest,":[174],"indicate":[175],"hypothalamic":[176],"dysfunction":[177],"may":[179],"be":[180],"diagnostic":[182],"marker":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
