{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005171005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","title":"Oil Companies and Climate Change: Inconsistencies between Strategy Formulation and Implementation?","display_name":"Oil Companies and Climate Change: Inconsistencies between Strategy Formulation and Implementation?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005171005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","mag":"2005171005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74180279","display_name":"Global Environmental Politics","issn_l":"1526-3800","issn":["1526-3800","1536-0091"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Environmental Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030135176","display_name":"Ingvild Andreassen S\u00e6verud","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802622306","display_name":"Fridtjof Nansen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04ep2t954","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802622306"]}],"countries":["NO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingvild Andreassen S\u00e6verud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ingvild Andreassen S\u00e6verud worked as research fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Norway from 2004 to 2006. Her main research interests are climate and energy policy. S\u00e6verud now works as an adviser on climate policy in the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, and has previously worked with the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy","Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth is Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute and visiting researcher at the Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests are international environmental cooperation, EU environmental policy, national environmental policy and the strategies of non-state actors, particularly multinational companies. He has published numerous books and articles in these f\u0131elds, such as the following books: Climate Change and the Oil Industry\u2014Common Problem, Varying Strategies (2003, with Tora Skodvin); International Regimes and Norway's Environmental Policy\u2014 Crossf\u0131re and Coherence (2004); EU Emissions Trading\u2014Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation (forthcoming 2007, with J\u00f8rgen Wettestad)","EU Emissions Trading\u2014Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation (forthcoming 2007, with J\u00f8rgen Wettestad)","International Regimes and Norway's Environmental Policy\u2014 Crossf\u0131re and Coherence (2004)","Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth is Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute and visiting researcher at the Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests are international environmental cooperation, EU environmental policy, national environmental policy and the strategies of non-state actors, particularly multinational companies. He has published numerous books and articles in these f\u0131elds, such as the following books: Climate Change and the Oil Industry\u2014Common Problem, Varying Strategies (2003, with Tora Skodvin)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingvild Andreassen S\u00e6verud worked as research fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Norway from 2004 to 2006. Her main research interests are climate and energy policy. S\u00e6verud now works as an adviser on climate policy in the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, and has previously worked with the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802622306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth is Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute and visiting researcher at the Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests are international environmental cooperation, EU environmental policy, national environmental policy and the strategies of non-state actors, particularly multinational companies. He has published numerous books and articles in these f\u0131elds, such as the following books: Climate Change and the Oil Industry\u2014Common Problem, Varying Strategies (2003, with Tora Skodvin); International Regimes and Norway's Environmental Policy\u2014 Crossf\u0131re and Coherence (2004); EU Emissions Trading\u2014Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation (forthcoming 2007, with J\u00f8rgen Wettestad)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441","https://openalex.org/I2802622306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EU Emissions Trading\u2014Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation (forthcoming 2007, with J\u00f8rgen Wettestad)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Regimes and Norway's Environmental Policy\u2014 Crossf\u0131re and Coherence (2004)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth is Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute and visiting researcher at the Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests are international environmental cooperation, EU environmental policy, national environmental policy and the strategies of non-state actors, particularly multinational companies. He has published numerous books and articles in these f\u0131elds, such as the following books: Climate Change and the Oil Industry\u2014Common Problem, Varying Strategies (2003, with Tora Skodvin)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017006822","display_name":"Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3655-0314","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3655-0314"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802622306","display_name":"Fridtjof Nansen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04ep2t954","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802622306"]}],"countries":["NO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ingvild Andreassen S\u00e6verud worked as research fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Norway from 2004 to 2006. Her main research interests are climate and energy policy. S\u00e6verud now works as an adviser on climate policy in the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, and has previously worked with the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy","Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth is Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute and visiting researcher at the Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests are international environmental cooperation, EU environmental policy, national environmental policy and the strategies of non-state actors, particularly multinational companies. He has published numerous books and articles in these f\u0131elds, such as the following books: Climate Change and the Oil Industry\u2014Common Problem, Varying Strategies (2003, with Tora Skodvin); International Regimes and Norway's Environmental Policy\u2014 Crossf\u0131re and Coherence (2004); EU Emissions Trading\u2014Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation (forthcoming 2007, with J\u00f8rgen Wettestad)","EU Emissions Trading\u2014Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation (forthcoming 2007, with J\u00f8rgen Wettestad)","International Regimes and Norway's Environmental Policy\u2014 Crossf\u0131re and Coherence (2004)","Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth is Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute and visiting researcher at the Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests are international environmental cooperation, EU environmental policy, national environmental policy and the strategies of non-state actors, particularly multinational companies. He has published numerous books and articles in these f\u0131elds, such as the following books: Climate Change and the Oil Industry\u2014Common Problem, Varying Strategies (2003, with Tora Skodvin)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ingvild Andreassen S\u00e6verud worked as research fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Norway from 2004 to 2006. Her main research interests are climate and energy policy. S\u00e6verud now works as an adviser on climate policy in the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, and has previously worked with the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802622306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth is Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute and visiting researcher at the Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests are international environmental cooperation, EU environmental policy, national environmental policy and the strategies of non-state actors, particularly multinational companies. He has published numerous books and articles in these f\u0131elds, such as the following books: Climate Change and the Oil Industry\u2014Common Problem, Varying Strategies (2003, with Tora Skodvin); International Regimes and Norway's Environmental Policy\u2014 Crossf\u0131re and Coherence (2004); EU Emissions Trading\u2014Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation (forthcoming 2007, with J\u00f8rgen Wettestad)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441","https://openalex.org/I2802622306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EU Emissions Trading\u2014Initiation, Decision-making and Implementation (forthcoming 2007, with J\u00f8rgen Wettestad)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Regimes and Norway's Environmental Policy\u2014 Crossf\u0131re and Coherence (2004)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jon Birger Skj\u00e6rseth is Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute and visiting researcher at the Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara. His research interests are international environmental cooperation, EU environmental policy, national environmental policy and the strategies of non-state actors, particularly multinational companies. He has published numerous books and articles in these f\u0131elds, such as the following books: Climate Change and the Oil Industry\u2014Common Problem, Varying Strategies (2003, with Tora Skodvin)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3955,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95015983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"42","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10115","display_name":"Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting","score":0.08739999681711197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10880","display_name":"Environmental Sustainability in Business","score":0.0364999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-companies","display_name":"oil companies","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"climate change","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-climate-strategy","display_name":"corporate climate strategy","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategy-formulation-and-implementation","display_name":"strategy formulation and implementation","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shells","display_name":"shells","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bp","display_name":"BP","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exxonmobil","display_name":"ExxonMobil","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-investment","display_name":"climate investment","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporations","display_name":"multinational corporations","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-climate-cooperation","display_name":"international climate cooperation","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-framework-conditions","display_name":"political framework conditions","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-environmental-management","display_name":"corporate environmental management","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.7324960231781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6518777012825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.6064392328262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5131374001502991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3374250531196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16001436114311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.12144088745117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0962333083152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74180279","display_name":"Global Environmental Politics","issn_l":"1526-3800","issn":["1526-3800","1536-0091"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Environmental Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:tpr:glenvp:v:7:y:2007:i:3:p:42-62","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/220202","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/220202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571951978","https://openalex.org/W589246904","https://openalex.org/W629524294","https://openalex.org/W1504129344","https://openalex.org/W1570503170","https://openalex.org/W1969416528","https://openalex.org/W1979755675","https://openalex.org/W1982691352","https://openalex.org/W2030752568","https://openalex.org/W2041906308","https://openalex.org/W2077470991","https://openalex.org/W2090106758","https://openalex.org/W2125134908","https://openalex.org/W2160801779","https://openalex.org/W2257791405","https://openalex.org/W2484571134","https://openalex.org/W2970760260","https://openalex.org/W3124054388","https://openalex.org/W4252867415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245564097","https://openalex.org/W7100961876","https://openalex.org/W4239342596","https://openalex.org/W4252867415","https://openalex.org/W7096160141","https://openalex.org/W7036770523","https://openalex.org/W4242880457","https://openalex.org/W3125505785","https://openalex.org/W2100902272","https://openalex.org/W3003209206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"examines":[2],"major":[3],"oil":[4,128],"companies":[5,50,113,129],"in":[6,35,84,107],"terms":[7],"of":[8,45],"climate":[9,69,117,133],"strategies":[10,142],"and":[11,24,26,31,52,121,143,150,157],"their":[12],"implementation.":[13],"More":[14],"specif\u0131cally,":[15],"it":[16],"takes":[17],"a":[18,41],"critical":[19],"look":[20],"at":[21,90],"Shell,":[22],"BP,":[23],"ExxonMobil,":[25],"the":[27,99,103,108,112,126,138],"relationship":[28,139],"between":[29,47,140],"rhetoric":[30],"action":[32],"regarding":[33],"investments":[34],"climate-friendly":[36],"activities.":[37],"Empirical":[38],"evidence":[39],"indicates":[40],"generally":[42],"high":[43],"degree":[44],"consistency":[46],"what":[48,53],"these":[49,96],"say":[51],"they":[54],"do,":[55],"but":[56],"interesting":[57],"differences":[58],"are":[59,82],"also":[60],"found:":[61],"ExxonMobil":[62],"has":[63,75],"done":[64,76],"somewhat":[65,77],"more":[66,145],"than":[67],"its":[68,87],"strategy":[70],"formulations":[71],"would":[72],"suggest;":[73],"Shell":[74],"less;":[78],"whereas":[79],"BP's":[80],"activities":[81],"mainly":[83],"line":[85],"with":[86,130],"statements.":[88],"Factors":[89],"three":[91,127],"levels":[92],"contribute":[93],"to":[94,125,132],"explaining":[95],"differences:":[97],"(1)":[98],"company":[100],"level,":[101],"2)":[102],"political":[104],"framework":[105],"conditions":[106],"various":[109],"regions":[110],"where":[111],"operate,":[114],"3)":[115],"international":[116],"cooperation.":[118],"The":[119],"f\u0131ndings":[120],"explanations,":[122],"although":[123],"restricted":[124],"regard":[131],"change,":[134],"provide":[135],"insight":[136],"into":[137,163],"corporate":[141],"implementation":[144],"generally.":[146],"They":[147],"offer":[148],"understanding":[149],"analytical":[151],"categories":[152],"for":[153],"assessing":[154],"how":[155],"well":[156],"why":[158],"such":[159],"multinational":[160],"entities":[161],"put":[162],"practice":[164],"stated":[165],"objectives.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}