{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005167964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00261-0","title":"Directed enzyme evolution","display_name":"Directed enzyme evolution","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005167964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00261-0","mag":"2005167964","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11849936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00261-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00261-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00261-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23939942","display_name":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology","issn_l":"0958-1669","issn":["0958-1669","1879-0429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045902541","display_name":"Edgardo T. Farinas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5514-9115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5514-9115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edgardo T Farinas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 210-41 California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 210-41 California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083926257","display_name":"Thomas B\u00fclter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7968-5844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7968-5844"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Bulter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 210-41 California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 210-41 California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043841592","display_name":"Frances H. Arnold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-364X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-364X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frances H Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 210-41 California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 210-41 California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043841592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"apc_list":{"value":4530,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4530},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":307,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86159292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"545","last_page":"551"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10404","display_name":"Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10404","display_name":"Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11617","display_name":"Enzyme Production and Characterization","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-enzyme-evolution","display_name":"directed enzyme evolution","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-engineering","display_name":"enzyme engineering","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biocatalysts","display_name":"biocatalysts","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzyme-adaptation","display_name":"enzyme adaptation","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-evolution","display_name":"experimental evolution","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-enzymes","display_name":"industrial enzymes","score":0.7990000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9418097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440681","display_name":"Directed evolution","level":4,"score":0.750426173210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188162584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076026","display_name":"Evolutionism","level":2,"score":0.7082030773162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6389144659042358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.6293598413467407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4971192181110382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908542902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440681","display_name":"Directed Molecular Evolution","level":5,"score":0.4583839774131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146686406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898628","display_name":"Enantioselective synthesis","level":3,"score":0.42765113711357117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3818071186542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.35450443625450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34124651551246643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.2380492389202118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.19097071886062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17071568965911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.12064412236213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143065580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285695","display_name":"Mutant","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002244","descriptor_name":"Carbon","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004259","descriptor_name":"DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004798","descriptor_name":"Enzymes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004798","descriptor_name":"Enzymes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013696","descriptor_name":"Temperature","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016297","descriptor_name":"Mutagenesis, Site-Directed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019151","descriptor_name":"Peptide Library","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00261-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00261-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(01)00261-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23939942","display_name":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology","issn_l":"0958-1669","issn":["0958-1669","1879-0429"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11849936","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11849936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current opinion in biotechnology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:89005","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/89005/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56206174","https://openalex.org/W190572224","https://openalex.org/W602429676","https://openalex.org/W630132056","https://openalex.org/W1493227903","https://openalex.org/W1534132032","https://openalex.org/W1537533420","https://openalex.org/W1552716706","https://openalex.org/W1580190693","https://openalex.org/W1608623766","https://openalex.org/W1652052270","https://openalex.org/W1763997697","https://openalex.org/W1795716959","https://openalex.org/W1858890890","https://openalex.org/W1951425492","https://openalex.org/W1964527018","https://openalex.org/W1968660242","https://openalex.org/W1969716401","https://openalex.org/W1970794521","https://openalex.org/W1976410590","https://openalex.org/W1980909118","https://openalex.org/W1983140978","https://openalex.org/W1983420040","https://openalex.org/W1987960749","https://openalex.org/W1995985129","https://openalex.org/W1996388282","https://openalex.org/W1999254662","https://openalex.org/W2005589666","https://openalex.org/W2008880969","https://openalex.org/W2010180565","https://openalex.org/W2011513747","https://openalex.org/W2013499150","https://openalex.org/W2018627617","https://openalex.org/W2020289945","https://openalex.org/W2025849287","https://openalex.org/W2032138865","https://openalex.org/W2033771578","https://openalex.org/W2042308321","https://openalex.org/W2050256340","https://openalex.org/W2052698568","https://openalex.org/W2055528600","https://openalex.org/W2071086763","https://openalex.org/W2073318991","https://openalex.org/W2074588113","https://openalex.org/W2074603229","https://openalex.org/W2089278441","https://openalex.org/W2094927492","https://openalex.org/W2097985831","https://openalex.org/W2099388198","https://openalex.org/W2103731920","https://openalex.org/W2121351614","https://openalex.org/W2124272531","https://openalex.org/W2133834597","https://openalex.org/W2135237787","https://openalex.org/W2135529457","https://openalex.org/W2137679210","https://openalex.org/W2143626957","https://openalex.org/W2148207593","https://openalex.org/W2153094676","https://openalex.org/W2153195964","https://openalex.org/W2154614557","https://openalex.org/W2156470306","https://openalex.org/W2159422614","https://openalex.org/W2161077668","https://openalex.org/W2162423013","https://openalex.org/W2162559115","https://openalex.org/W2168154198","https://openalex.org/W2168822908","https://openalex.org/W2168854517","https://openalex.org/W2170141553","https://openalex.org/W2171610577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121398756","https://openalex.org/W3143287670","https://openalex.org/W2124230467","https://openalex.org/W2005767394","https://openalex.org/W2149614036","https://openalex.org/W1970654358","https://openalex.org/W2063597962","https://openalex.org/W220548584","https://openalex.org/W2127311102","https://openalex.org/W1969492379"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}