{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005143886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2915973","title":"Thermodynamics and economics","display_name":"Thermodynamics and economics","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005143886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2915973","mag":"2005143886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.2915973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2915973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2915973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180907581","display_name":"Physics Today","issn_l":"0031-9228","issn":["0031-9228","1945-0699"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320061","host_organization_name":"AIP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320061","https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AIP Publishing","American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics Today","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074764733","display_name":"Robert U. Ayres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2823-7280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2823-7280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert U. Ayres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie\u2013Mellon University, Pittsburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie\u2013Mellon University, Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113801425","display_name":"Indira Nair","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Indira Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie\u2013Mellon University, Pittsburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie\u2013Mellon University, Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":135,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91172349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"11","first_page":"62","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12643","display_name":"Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12643","display_name":"Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.03590000048279762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12013","display_name":"Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy","score":0.017000000923871994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics-and-economics","display_name":"thermodynamics and economics","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-law-of-thermodynamics","display_name":"second law of thermodynamics","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"entropy","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-utilization-natural-resources","display_name":"resource utilization (natural resources)","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-generation","display_name":"waste generation","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-constraints","display_name":"economic constraints","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119820323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177045","display_name":"Second law of thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.6924092769622803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18815010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849392","display_name":"Laws of thermodynamics","level":3,"score":0.6222412586212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.591055154800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.48648756742477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47394445538520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187452473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2897903","display_name":"Goods and services","level":2,"score":0.4181673228740692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36501097679138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.36302852630615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.33057209849357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.32256269454956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74859849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466686","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.24975967407226562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.2915973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2915973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2915973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180907581","display_name":"Physics Today","issn_l":"0031-9228","issn":["0031-9228","1945-0699"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320061","host_organization_name":"AIP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320061","https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["AIP Publishing","American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics Today","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.5925999879837036}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566655152","https://openalex.org/W1963617702","https://openalex.org/W1968712019","https://openalex.org/W1973585449","https://openalex.org/W2032558547","https://openalex.org/W2038491445","https://openalex.org/W2056110862","https://openalex.org/W2096046307","https://openalex.org/W2133116692","https://openalex.org/W2165973635","https://openalex.org/W4237860500"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7134220503","https://openalex.org/W1584106358","https://openalex.org/W7171657272","https://openalex.org/W2493163806","https://openalex.org/W2024424663","https://openalex.org/W1981676984","https://openalex.org/W2263677560","https://openalex.org/W4398222681","https://openalex.org/W2033758353","https://openalex.org/W2886981665"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"physical":[1,35,61],"sciences":[2,36],"deal":[3,16],"with":[4,17],"the":[5,18,34,47,69,80,86,95,112,115],"interactions":[6],"of":[7,22,49,71,82,90,94,97,101,114],"matter":[8,31,73],"and":[9,20,24,28,32,74,84,88],"energy,":[10,33,75],"economics":[11],"can":[12,45],"be":[13],"said":[14],"to":[15,40,51,105],"production":[19],"exchange":[21],"goods":[23,27],"services.":[25],"Because":[26],"services":[29],"incorporate":[30],"are":[37],"clearly":[38],"relevant":[39],"economics.":[41],"In":[42],"particular,":[43],"one":[44],"expect":[46],"laws":[48,70],"thermodynamics":[50],"impose":[52],"constraints":[53],"on":[54,60],"economic":[55,103],"processes":[56,62,104],"as":[57],"they":[58],"do":[59],"(figure":[63],"1).":[64],"It":[65],"is":[66],"clear":[67],"that":[68,107],"conservation\u2014of":[72],"for":[76,79,85],"example\u2014have":[77],"implications":[78],"use":[81],"resources":[83],"generation":[87],"treatment":[89],"wastes.":[91],"The":[92],"law":[93,100],"increase":[96],"entropy\u2014the":[98],"second":[99],"thermodynamics\u2014constrains":[102],"those":[106],"reduce":[108],"available":[109],"work,":[110],"increasing":[111],"entropy":[113],"Universe.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}