{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005016424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","title":"The coverage factor in a Flatten\u2013Gaussian distribution","display_name":"The coverage factor in a Flatten\u2013Gaussian distribution","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005016424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","mag":"2005016424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7291761","display_name":"Metrologia","issn_l":"0026-1394","issn":["0026-1394","1681-7575"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010685723","display_name":"Juan Bl\u00e1zquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-3189","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4395-3189"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165411","display_name":"Centro de Investigaciones Energ\u00e9ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol\u00f3gicas","ror":"https://ror.org/05xx77y52","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165411"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Bl\u00e1zquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nuclear Fission Division, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuclear Fission Division, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041553743","display_name":"Agust\u00edn Garc\u00eda-Berrocal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9000-6542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9000-6542"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Garc\u00eda-Berrocal","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMERPREM Research Group, School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), R\u00edos Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMERPREM Research Group, School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), R\u00edos Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011026890","display_name":"Cristina Montalvo Mart\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0583-0241","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0583-0241"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C Montalvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMERPREM Research Group, School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), R\u00edos Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMERPREM Research Group, School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), R\u00edos Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076586093","display_name":"Miguel Balb\u00e1s","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Balb\u00e1s","raw_affiliation_strings":["AMERPREM Research Group, School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), R\u00edos Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AMERPREM Research Group, School of Mines, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), R\u00edos Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011026890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1433,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81179182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"5","first_page":"503","last_page":"506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coverage-factor","display_name":"coverage factor","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expanded-uncertainty","display_name":"expanded uncertainty","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guide-to-the-expression-of-uncertainty-in-measurement","display_name":"Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-a-evaluation","display_name":"Type A evaluation","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-b-evaluation","display_name":"type B evaluation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uniform-distribution","display_name":"uniform distribution","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-uncertainty","display_name":"measurement uncertainty","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.7481627464294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.7155503630638123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5751755833625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.5681298971176147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5479571223258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.522968590259552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4988548755645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48332858085632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23754336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3258414","display_name":"Half-normal distribution","level":4,"score":0.4740833044052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.4512445628643036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.44332364201545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7218915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054475","display_name":"Gaussian function","level":3,"score":0.4365638792514801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4219174385070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4146842658519745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3521917760372162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3295896053314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22683513164520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.21275660395622253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.18619227409362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15631961822509766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65778772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12345341","display_name":"Asymptotic distribution","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7291761","display_name":"Metrologia","issn_l":"0026-1394","issn":["0026-1394","1681-7575"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hispana.mcu.es:61086938","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://oa.upm.es/8321/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196108","display_name":"Hispana","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia, ISSN 0026-1394, 2008-10, Vol. 45, No. 5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:archivodigit::429bd38196588d51eb2731ff1aa85be8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://oa.upm.es/8321/","pdf_url":"http://oa.upm.es/8321/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia, ISSN 0026-1394, 2008-10, Vol. 45, No. 5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oa.upm.es:8321","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://oa.upm.es/8321/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402421","display_name":"Archivo Digital UPM (Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","host_organization_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia, ISSN 0026-1394, 2008-10, Vol. 45, No. 5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/002/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7291761","display_name":"Metrologia","issn_l":"0026-1394","issn":["0026-1394","1681-7575"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metrologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322138","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2005016424.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2005016424.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528387448","https://openalex.org/W2042719478","https://openalex.org/W2054014359","https://openalex.org/W2114521065","https://openalex.org/W2122150994","https://openalex.org/W2132753893","https://openalex.org/W2158386576","https://openalex.org/W2314485382","https://openalex.org/W2315214008","https://openalex.org/W2321957512","https://openalex.org/W2626116100","https://openalex.org/W4300879736","https://openalex.org/W4302769929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004562824","https://openalex.org/W2885634762","https://openalex.org/W1973115112","https://openalex.org/W2158386576","https://openalex.org/W1172029003","https://openalex.org/W2384001728","https://openalex.org/W7096894723","https://openalex.org/W2163106220","https://openalex.org/W2063998152","https://openalex.org/W1971247527"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,4,82],"the":[2,5,29,33,40,45,70,99,103,107],"Guide":[3],"Expression":[6],"of":[7,24,32,94],"Uncertainty":[8],"in":[9,28,102],"Measurement":[10],",":[11],"a":[12,50,55,62,67,87,96],"coverage":[13,41,108],"factor":[14,42,109],"that":[15],"produces":[16],"an":[17,21],"expanded":[18],"uncertainty":[19],"having":[20],"approximate":[22],"level":[23],"confidence":[25],"is":[26,59,75,98],"recommended":[27],"final":[30],"expression":[31],"measurement":[34],"result.":[35],"The":[36,92],"numerical":[37],"value":[38],"for":[39],"depends":[43],"on":[44],"probability":[46,72,89],"density":[47,73,90],"function.":[48,91],"When":[49],"Type":[51,63],"A":[52],"evaluation":[53],"following":[54,66],"Gaussian":[56,77],"(normal)":[57],"distribution":[58],"combined":[60,100],"with":[61],"B":[64],"one":[65],"rectangular":[68],"distribution,":[69],"resulting":[71],"function":[74,97],"neither":[76],"nor":[78],"rectangular,":[79],"but":[80,106],"similar":[81],"both,":[83],"which":[84],"we":[85],"term":[86],"Flatten\u2013Gaussian":[88],"variance":[93,101],"such":[95],"usual":[104],"way,":[105],"must":[110],"be":[111],"calculated.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-09T09:14:12.587421","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}