{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004995760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00024","title":"A new set of qualitative reliability criteria to aid inferences on palaeomagnetic dipole moment variations through geological time","display_name":"A new set of qualitative reliability criteria to aid inferences on palaeomagnetic dipole moment variations through geological time","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004995760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00024","mag":"2004995760"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00024","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2014.00024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2014.00024/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047295974","display_name":"Andrew John Biggin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4164-5924","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4164-5924","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-9359"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Biggin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geomagnetism Laboratory, Oliver Lodge Laboratories, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geomagnetism Laboratory, Oliver Lodge Laboratories, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018189408","display_name":"Greig A. Paterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-7420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-7420"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126061","display_name":"Institute of Geology and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/030vmwa78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126061"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greig A. Paterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126061"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126061"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047295974"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":960,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1035},"fwci":2.5553,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90053746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11786","display_name":"Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11786","display_name":"Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10109","display_name":"Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13177","display_name":"Geological and Geophysical Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleointensity","display_name":"paleointensity","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-axial-dipole-moment","display_name":"virtual axial dipole moment","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-criteria","display_name":"reliability criteria","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodynamo","display_name":"geodynamo","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-bias","display_name":"measurement bias","score":0.5070000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7237675189971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173523689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215589","display_name":"Dipole","level":2,"score":0.633895993232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5935298800468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.462216317653656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777084502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5327174","display_name":"Earth structure","level":2,"score":0.45482707023620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.41592878103256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189479680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853422","display_name":"Paleomagnetism","level":2,"score":0.4103944003582001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3297065496444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.32577526569366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.23634561896324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1989504098892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00024","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2014.00024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:33abb7579546442b824f065e8a7d59d8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/33abb7579546442b824f065e8a7d59d8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol 2 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00024","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2014.00024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1415825592","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/F015208/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G472382666","display_name":"Very long timescale variations in the palaeomagnetic record and the evolution of the Earth's deep interior","funder_award_id":"NE/H021043/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4759705421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41374072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5884063218","display_name":"Stochastic optimisation of absolute geomagnetic palaeointensity determinations","funder_award_id":"NE/F015208/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8070873817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/F015208/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8696134910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/H021043/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8732115614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/H021043/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","display_name":"Sight Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03z2py885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2004995760.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2004995760.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172888446","https://openalex.org/W1497280957","https://openalex.org/W1507875338","https://openalex.org/W1528596195","https://openalex.org/W1638470167","https://openalex.org/W1677642133","https://openalex.org/W1961846858","https://openalex.org/W1966765391","https://openalex.org/W1969447332","https://openalex.org/W1980288627","https://openalex.org/W1981743135","https://openalex.org/W1985450379","https://openalex.org/W1989280563","https://openalex.org/W1992336021","https://openalex.org/W2001860915","https://openalex.org/W2002602318","https://openalex.org/W2007881299","https://openalex.org/W2008787835","https://openalex.org/W2011208804","https://openalex.org/W2012972438","https://openalex.org/W2013324757","https://openalex.org/W2017116811","https://openalex.org/W2018015120","https://openalex.org/W2027457863","https://openalex.org/W2035404041","https://openalex.org/W2053669857","https://openalex.org/W2059830221","https://openalex.org/W2068705169","https://openalex.org/W2068967042","https://openalex.org/W2070170230","https://openalex.org/W2075222367","https://openalex.org/W2078513635","https://openalex.org/W2079785521","https://openalex.org/W2081008688","https://openalex.org/W2082838262","https://openalex.org/W2094583519","https://openalex.org/W2099718595","https://openalex.org/W2100398757","https://openalex.org/W2100771349","https://openalex.org/W2102143577","https://openalex.org/W2105702960","https://openalex.org/W2110846344","https://openalex.org/W2121812998","https://openalex.org/W2123073505","https://openalex.org/W2125633684","https://openalex.org/W2129405321","https://openalex.org/W2130964519","https://openalex.org/W2132626212","https://openalex.org/W2135751303","https://openalex.org/W2137140691","https://openalex.org/W2139586201","https://openalex.org/W2146641425","https://openalex.org/W2148016566","https://openalex.org/W2149315496","https://openalex.org/W2159559704","https://openalex.org/W2163382614","https://openalex.org/W2307523182","https://openalex.org/W2419551013","https://openalex.org/W3213257229","https://openalex.org/W6803491541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171706619","https://openalex.org/W2053041863","https://openalex.org/W397608280","https://openalex.org/W1974662335","https://openalex.org/W2052324890","https://openalex.org/W3041982345","https://openalex.org/W2024738785","https://openalex.org/W2078064094","https://openalex.org/W2082111110","https://openalex.org/W3140430094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Records":[0],"of":[1,6,33,40,62,80,93,131,150,171,197,203,232,236],"reversal":[2],"frequency":[3],"support":[4],"forcing":[5],"the":[7,19,27,34,46,78,102,113,124,129,141,165,190,204,234],"geodynamo":[8],"over":[9,37],"geological":[10],"timescales":[11],"but":[12,68,209],"obtaining":[13],"these":[14,172],"for":[15,76,98,118,201,226],"earlier":[16],"times":[17],"(e.g.":[18],"Precambrian)":[20],"is":[21],"a":[22,60,90,176,195,217,230],"major":[23],"challenge.":[24],"Changes":[25],"in":[26,65,110,189],"measured":[28],"virtual":[29],"(axial)":[30],"dipole":[31,84,159,178,240],"moment":[32,85,160,179,241],"Earth,":[35],"averaged":[36],"several":[38],"millions":[39],"years":[41],"or":[42],"longer,":[43],"also":[44],"have":[45,58],"potential":[47],"to":[48,112,127,135,139,145,157],"constrain":[49],"core":[50],"and":[51,82,138,155,187,193,238],"mantle":[52],"evolution":[53],"through":[54],"deep":[55],"time.":[56],"There":[57],"been":[59],"wealth":[61],"recent":[63],"innovations":[64],"palaeointensity":[66,99,136],"methods,":[67],"there":[69],"is,":[70],"as":[71,229],"yet,":[72],"no":[73],"comprehensive":[74],"means":[75,231],"assessing":[77,119],"reliability":[79,96,235],"new":[81,91,221,237],"existing":[83],"data.":[86],"Here":[87],"we":[88,107],"present":[89],"set":[92],"largely":[94],"qualitative":[95],"criteria":[97,116,152,173,205,222],"results":[100],"at":[101,215],"site":[103],"mean":[104],"level,":[105],"which":[106],"term":[108],"QPI":[109,182],"reference":[111],"long-standing":[114],"Q":[115],"used":[117],"palaeomagnetic":[120],"poles.":[121],"These":[122],"represent":[123],"first":[125],"attempt":[126],"capture":[128],"range":[130],"biasing":[132],"agents":[133],"applicable":[134],"measurements":[137],"recognise":[140],"various":[142],"approaches":[143],"employed":[144],"obviate":[146],"them.":[147],"A":[148],"total":[149],"8":[151],"are":[153,206],"proposed":[154],"applied":[156],"312":[158],"estimates":[161],"recently":[162],"incorporated":[163],"into":[164],"PINT":[166],"global":[167],"database.":[168],"The":[169,220],"number":[170],"fulfilled":[174],"by":[175,214],"single":[177],"estimate":[180],"(the":[181],"value)":[183],"varies":[184],"between":[185],"1":[186],"6":[188],"examined":[191],"dataset":[192],"has":[194],"median":[196],"3.":[198],"Success":[199],"rates":[200],"each":[202,210],"highly":[207],"variable,":[208],"criterion":[211],"was":[212],"met":[213],"least":[216],"few":[218],"results.":[219],"will":[223],"be":[224],"useful":[225],"future":[227],"studies":[228],"gauging":[233],"published":[239],"estimates.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}