{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004748967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549","title":"Settler colonialism, conflicts, and genocide: interactions between hunter-gatherers and settlers in Kenya, and Zimbabwe and northern Botswana","display_name":"Settler colonialism, conflicts, and genocide: interactions between hunter-gatherers and settlers in Kenya, and Zimbabwe and northern Botswana","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004748967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549","mag":"2004748967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228527","display_name":"Settler Colonial Studies","issn_l":"1838-0743","issn":["1838-0743","2201-473X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Settler Colonial Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026926213","display_name":"Robert K. Hitchcock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8110-0289","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8110-0289"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199639920","display_name":"Truman State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0396bvs97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199639920"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert K. Hitchcock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Society and Environment, Truman State University, 100 East Normal, Kirksville, MO 63501-4221, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Society and Environment, Truman State University, 100 East Normal, Kirksville, MO 63501-4221, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199639920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001862758","display_name":"Maria Sapignoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-2315","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-2315"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","display_name":"Max Planck Society","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhn8329","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121704","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mavc002","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121704"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Sapignoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Law and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Advokatenweg 36, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany","Department 'Law & Anthropology', MPI for Social Anthropology, Max Planck Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Law and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Advokatenweg 36, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department 'Law & Anthropology', MPI for Social Anthropology, Max Planck Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078817585","display_name":"Wayne A. Babchuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9083-9019","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9083-9019"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wayne A. Babchuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0368, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0368, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026926213"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199639920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97012004,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"40","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.5015000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.5015000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12635","display_name":"African studies and sociopolitical issues","score":0.27000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13864","display_name":"Indigenous Cultures and History","score":0.19850000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settler-colonialism","display_name":"settler colonialism","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hunter-gatherers","display_name":"hunter-gatherers","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigenous-peoples","display_name":"indigenous peoples","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-conflict","display_name":"land disputes","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-competition","display_name":"resource competition","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence","display_name":"violence","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genocide","display_name":"genocide","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-genocide","display_name":"cultural genocide","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ogiek","display_name":"Ogiek","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doma","display_name":"DOMA","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kenya","display_name":"Kenya","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zimbabwe","display_name":"Zimbabwe","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botswana","display_name":"Botswana","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-state","display_name":"colonial state","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance-strategies","display_name":"resistance strategies","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-land-dispossession","display_name":"colonial land dispossession","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.7921880483627319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17616946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9056738","display_name":"Pastoralism","level":3,"score":0.7608927488327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204342414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41397","display_name":"Genocide","level":2,"score":0.6909512281417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.6315896511077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.6193707585334778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.48175787925720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58051837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27443","display_name":"Hunter-gatherer","level":2,"score":0.43274030089378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.4264466166496277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4222556948661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.3319421112537384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3172217607498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2271566092967987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.19409364461898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.17984867095947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16644316911697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2014.899549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228527","display_name":"Settler Colonial Studies","issn_l":"1838-0743","issn":["1838-0743","2201-473X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Settler Colonial Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_2095790","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0024-CB17-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Settler Colonial Studies","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104813902","https://openalex.org/W249579295","https://openalex.org/W574607554","https://openalex.org/W577482704","https://openalex.org/W584269802","https://openalex.org/W590065775","https://openalex.org/W603104962","https://openalex.org/W604715291","https://openalex.org/W615406113","https://openalex.org/W620474702","https://openalex.org/W649093443","https://openalex.org/W1517528565","https://openalex.org/W1548716155","https://openalex.org/W1552627357","https://openalex.org/W1582495324","https://openalex.org/W1585815160","https://openalex.org/W1589903733","https://openalex.org/W1942296188","https://openalex.org/W1965404825","https://openalex.org/W1982084197","https://openalex.org/W1993322624","https://openalex.org/W2006510056","https://openalex.org/W2016555518","https://openalex.org/W2018276495","https://openalex.org/W2022314612","https://openalex.org/W2027584701","https://openalex.org/W2044714346","https://openalex.org/W2054178980","https://openalex.org/W2061111591","https://openalex.org/W2072400080","https://openalex.org/W2078799915","https://openalex.org/W2111877537","https://openalex.org/W2128858587","https://openalex.org/W2129804990","https://openalex.org/W2173463794","https://openalex.org/W2188714482","https://openalex.org/W2295296085","https://openalex.org/W2325601117","https://openalex.org/W2500106847","https://openalex.org/W2610362014","https://openalex.org/W2793396636","https://openalex.org/W2898325603","https://openalex.org/W2990446762","https://openalex.org/W3044173471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005736887","https://openalex.org/W2605635882","https://openalex.org/W2437800730","https://openalex.org/W6923493592","https://openalex.org/W4396758764","https://openalex.org/W3146802971","https://openalex.org/W2018276495","https://openalex.org/W2724521852","https://openalex.org/W3168319721","https://openalex.org/W4381745212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Violent":[0],"and":[1,4,8,19,26,48,65,76,80,84,90,113,153,159,162,191,243,245],"non-violent":[2],"conflicts":[3,62],"interactions":[5,188],"between":[6,63,117,189],"hunter-gatherers":[7,104,166,190,231],"settlers":[9,37,64,158,192],"took":[10],"place":[11],"in":[12,17,38,43,125,181,213],"a":[13],"number":[14],"of":[15,36,95,142,177,198,210,222,227,240,249,253],"areas":[16],"eastern":[18,86],"southern":[20],"Africa":[21],"during":[22],"the":[23,34,91,118,126,143,178,187,208,211,220,225,238,247],"late":[24],"nineteenth":[25],"twentieth":[27],"centuries.":[28],"Foragers":[29],"had":[30,137],"to":[31,128,167,170,173,232],"cope":[32],"with":[33,165,237],"incursions":[35],"their":[39,174],"territories,":[40],"which":[41,129],"resulted":[42],"significant":[44],"competition":[45],"over":[46,107],"land":[47],"natural":[49],"resources.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52,183],"examines":[53],"two":[54],"such":[55],"cases:":[56],"(1)":[57,185],"Kenya,":[58],"looking":[59],"specifically":[60],"at":[61,219],"local":[66],"foraging":[67],"peoples":[68],"(e.g.":[69,217],"Ogiek,":[70],"\u2018Dorobo\u2019,":[71],"Mukogodo,":[72],"Boni,":[73],"Waata,":[74],"Dahalo,":[75],"Aweer,":[77],"among":[78],"others)":[79],"(2)":[81,207],"western":[82],"Zimbabwe":[83],"north":[85],"Botswana":[87],"(Tshwa":[88],"San)":[89],"Zambezi":[92],"Valley":[93],"(Doma)":[94],"Zimbabwe.":[96],"In":[97,155],"these":[98,254],"cases,":[99],"lands":[100],"populated":[101],"by":[102,108,133,230],"indigenous":[103],"were":[105,131],"taken":[106],"settlers,":[109,241],"ranchers,":[110,242],"state":[111,212],"institutions,":[112],"private":[114],"companies.":[115],"Conflicts":[116],"groups":[119,216],"occurred,":[120],"although":[121],"there":[122],"was":[123],"variation":[124],"degree":[127],"relationships":[130],"characterized":[132,195],"violence.":[134],"Settler":[135],"colonialism":[136],"diverse":[138],"impacts.":[139],"Not":[140],"all":[141],"situations":[144],"involved":[145,150],"deadly":[146],"conflict;":[147],"some":[148,156],"also":[149],"coercion,":[151],"collaboration,":[152],"co-option.":[154],"instances,":[157],"immigrant":[160],"pastoralists":[161],"agriculturalists":[163],"negotiated":[164],"enable":[168],"them":[169],"gain":[171],"entry":[172],"areas.":[175],"Some":[176],"questions":[179],"addressed":[180],"this":[182],"include:":[184],"whether":[186],"can":[193],"be":[194],"as":[196],"cases":[197],"either":[199],"physical":[200],"or":[201,205,234],"cultural":[202],"genocide,":[203],"neither,":[204],"both;":[206],"role":[209],"favoring":[214],"certain":[215],"settlers)":[218],"expense":[221],"others;":[223],"(3)":[224],"effectiveness":[226],"strategies":[228],"employed":[229],"resist":[233],"go":[235],"along":[236],"agendas":[239,252],"companies;":[244],"(4)":[246],"importance":[248],"reconciling":[250],"competing":[251],"different":[255],"groups.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
