{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004568942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500183709","title":"Recruiting through advertising or employee referrals: Costs, yields, and the effects of geographic focus","display_name":"Recruiting through advertising or employee referrals: Costs, yields, and the effects of geographic focus","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004568942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500183709","mag":"2004568942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13594320500183709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500183709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500183709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187270080","display_name":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology","issn_l":"1359-432X","issn":["1359-432X","1464-0643"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018695740","display_name":"Anat Rafaeli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-5806","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-5806"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anat Rafaeli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001997860","display_name":"Ori Hadomi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ori Hadomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Business Administration, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Business Administration, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003076322","display_name":"Tal Simons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2744-5897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2744-5897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tal Simons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018695740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9985,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89667439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"355","last_page":"366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12415","display_name":"Employer Branding and e-HRM","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12415","display_name":"Employer Branding and e-HRM","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12843","display_name":"Human Resource and Talent Management","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13812","display_name":"AI and HR Technologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recruitment","display_name":"recruitment","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-referrals","display_name":"employee referrals","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield-ratio","display_name":"yield ratio","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applicant-quality","display_name":"applicant quality","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recruitment-effectiveness","display_name":"recruitment effectiveness","score":0.3700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47385372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098943","display_name":"Optimal distinctiveness theory","level":2,"score":0.8591691255569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.8135342597961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7494634389877319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6632869243621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6084568500518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.574815034866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.5530482530593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5237541198730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49295997619628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.4284265339374542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3922352194786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30859583616256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17736709117889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17429685592651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1254306435585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13594320500183709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500183709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500183709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187270080","display_name":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology","issn_l":"1359-432X","issn":["1359-432X","1464-0643"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W433063710","https://openalex.org/W1492736193","https://openalex.org/W1526625331","https://openalex.org/W1545087501","https://openalex.org/W1590105763","https://openalex.org/W1602704520","https://openalex.org/W1627796000","https://openalex.org/W1965004797","https://openalex.org/W1966954169","https://openalex.org/W1974365006","https://openalex.org/W1987779585","https://openalex.org/W1988318699","https://openalex.org/W1991532084","https://openalex.org/W1993663609","https://openalex.org/W1997052091","https://openalex.org/W2005305628","https://openalex.org/W2007495937","https://openalex.org/W2018944729","https://openalex.org/W2026738440","https://openalex.org/W2038610102","https://openalex.org/W2045181804","https://openalex.org/W2053042414","https://openalex.org/W2057568363","https://openalex.org/W2058738741","https://openalex.org/W2066319669","https://openalex.org/W2075496408","https://openalex.org/W2078831478","https://openalex.org/W2081654047","https://openalex.org/W2083444983","https://openalex.org/W2083930995","https://openalex.org/W2086127852","https://openalex.org/W2087417985","https://openalex.org/W2090647255","https://openalex.org/W2101149049","https://openalex.org/W2140918013","https://openalex.org/W2158272839","https://openalex.org/W2161870206","https://openalex.org/W2162614344","https://openalex.org/W2163840594","https://openalex.org/W2321080391","https://openalex.org/W2570986101","https://openalex.org/W2909007709","https://openalex.org/W2990950831","https://openalex.org/W3216524629","https://openalex.org/W4253428016","https://openalex.org/W4298345247","https://openalex.org/W4304892558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098669091","https://openalex.org/W2013182081","https://openalex.org/W2032847572","https://openalex.org/W2005305628","https://openalex.org/W2621609973","https://openalex.org/W1995341471","https://openalex.org/W7100165042","https://openalex.org/W4399245639","https://openalex.org/W2173233315","https://openalex.org/W1968902849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"on":[1,11,42,128],"recruiting":[2,9,40,44,114,129],"has":[3,17,119],"generally":[4],"considered":[5],"the":[6,37,43,70,75,102,111],"effects":[7,38],"of":[8,39,63,74,107,113],"source":[10],"employee":[12,29],"tenure":[13],"or":[14],"performance,":[15],"and":[16,49,72,93,105,123],"argued":[18],"that":[19,78],"formal":[20],"employment":[21,64],"ads":[22,87,108],"are":[23,88],"inferior":[24],"to":[25,83,90],"informal":[26],"sources,":[27],"notably":[28],"referrals.":[30],"We":[31,52],"test":[32],"two":[33],"dimensions":[34],"for":[35,58,125],"evaluating":[36],"sources":[41],"process\u2014cost":[45],"per":[46],"new":[47,56],"hire":[48],"yield":[50,94],"ratio.":[51],"also":[53],"suggest":[54],"a":[55],"dimension":[57],"distinguishing":[59],"between":[60],"different":[61],"types":[62],"ads\u2014geographical":[65],"focus\u2014which":[66],"we":[67],"define":[68],"as":[69],"clarity":[71],"distinctiveness":[73],"labour":[76],"market":[77],"an":[79],"ad":[80],"is":[81],"likely":[82],"reach.":[84],"Geographically":[85],"focused":[86],"shown":[89],"cost":[91],"less":[92],"more":[95],"appropriate":[96],"applicants":[97],"than":[98],"unfocused":[99],"ads.":[100],"Considering":[101],"cost,":[103],"yield,":[104],"focus":[106],"can":[109],"promote":[110],"effectiveness":[112],"processes.":[115],"The":[116],"study":[117],"therefore":[118],"both":[120],"practical":[121],"applications":[122],"implications":[124],"further":[126],"research":[127],"sources.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}