{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004426537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540","title":"Gender and blindness: a meta-analysis of population-based prevalence surveys","display_name":"Gender and blindness: a meta-analysis of population-based prevalence surveys","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004426537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540","mag":"2004426537","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11262681"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88738190","display_name":"Ophthalmic Epidemiology","issn_l":"0928-6586","issn":["0928-6586","1744-5086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmic Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078836004","display_name":"Iman Abou-Gareeb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iman Abou-Gareeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic & International Ophthalmology","British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic and International Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic & International Ophthalmology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic and International Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109334620","display_name":"Susan Lewallen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Lewallen","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic & International Ophthalmology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic & International Ophthalmology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065904248","display_name":"Ken L. Bassett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-562X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-562X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Bassett","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Columbia Office of Health Technology Assessment, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111782005","display_name":"Paul Courtright","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Courtright","raw_affiliation_strings":["British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic & International Ophthalmology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"British Columbia Centre for Epidemiologic & International Ophthalmology","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0293,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":246,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69935484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"39","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blindness","display_name":"blindness","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women","display_name":"women","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence-of-blindness","display_name":"blindness prevalence","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developed-countries","display_name":"developed countries","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.9449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.77784264087677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.6396958231925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780929884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Blindness","level":2,"score":0.6037082672119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.6036628484725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5686207413673401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.5302281975746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.48136383295059204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4300503432750702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3098152279853821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.24356916546821594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001766","descriptor_name":"Blindness","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014943","descriptor_name":"Global Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016017","descriptor_name":"Odds Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017677","descriptor_name":"Age Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017678","descriptor_name":"Sex Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88738190","display_name":"Ophthalmic Epidemiology","issn_l":"0928-6586","issn":["0928-6586","1744-5086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmic Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11262681","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11262681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14642319","https://openalex.org/W29731904","https://openalex.org/W49788119","https://openalex.org/W58097649","https://openalex.org/W62804635","https://openalex.org/W67648960","https://openalex.org/W88255573","https://openalex.org/W89241331","https://openalex.org/W91636124","https://openalex.org/W102919772","https://openalex.org/W148877056","https://openalex.org/W149544638","https://openalex.org/W180812339","https://openalex.org/W182201849","https://openalex.org/W205534040","https://openalex.org/W622669989","https://openalex.org/W1509644957","https://openalex.org/W1563011357","https://openalex.org/W1595972774","https://openalex.org/W1769442413","https://openalex.org/W1818423468","https://openalex.org/W1882214116","https://openalex.org/W1919035724","https://openalex.org/W1927638672","https://openalex.org/W1963948544","https://openalex.org/W1968263687","https://openalex.org/W1968847609","https://openalex.org/W1974021356","https://openalex.org/W1977060705","https://openalex.org/W1985871081","https://openalex.org/W1986317516","https://openalex.org/W1988460408","https://openalex.org/W1990245848","https://openalex.org/W1994295883","https://openalex.org/W1995006312","https://openalex.org/W1995211423","https://openalex.org/W2000186938","https://openalex.org/W2003436438","https://openalex.org/W2003586642","https://openalex.org/W2006197209","https://openalex.org/W2009833996","https://openalex.org/W2012580819","https://openalex.org/W2013322812","https://openalex.org/W2018805980","https://openalex.org/W2022160481","https://openalex.org/W2022752753","https://openalex.org/W2024475596","https://openalex.org/W2026778674","https://openalex.org/W2031353914","https://openalex.org/W2035204457","https://openalex.org/W2037959849","https://openalex.org/W2038529376","https://openalex.org/W2038906010","https://openalex.org/W2044253537","https://openalex.org/W2049524176","https://openalex.org/W2059102266","https://openalex.org/W2059748704","https://openalex.org/W2062970406","https://openalex.org/W2072629697","https://openalex.org/W2083737343","https://openalex.org/W2084180403","https://openalex.org/W2086495683","https://openalex.org/W2090925471","https://openalex.org/W2093802575","https://openalex.org/W2094273610","https://openalex.org/W2101420681","https://openalex.org/W2108308205","https://openalex.org/W2119105381","https://openalex.org/W2131673227","https://openalex.org/W2133838566","https://openalex.org/W2134913174","https://openalex.org/W2137221550","https://openalex.org/W2138070211","https://openalex.org/W2148182386","https://openalex.org/W2154022435","https://openalex.org/W2154437048","https://openalex.org/W2160776317","https://openalex.org/W2162103288","https://openalex.org/W2163176888","https://openalex.org/W2164971831","https://openalex.org/W2165062842","https://openalex.org/W2263056555","https://openalex.org/W2283689043","https://openalex.org/W2397494561","https://openalex.org/W2407881661","https://openalex.org/W2409732263","https://openalex.org/W2410119412","https://openalex.org/W2410161330","https://openalex.org/W2410166344","https://openalex.org/W2413453184","https://openalex.org/W2413725535","https://openalex.org/W2418682891","https://openalex.org/W2424789625","https://openalex.org/W2431593250","https://openalex.org/W2436031804","https://openalex.org/W2461218934","https://openalex.org/W2467879683","https://openalex.org/W4254116840","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950561132","https://openalex.org/W48783051","https://openalex.org/W4417497757","https://openalex.org/W2889075412","https://openalex.org/W6946284041","https://openalex.org/W2081193512","https://openalex.org/W1517700152","https://openalex.org/W2791832554","https://openalex.org/W2097422879","https://openalex.org/W2600348460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Many":[1],"individual":[2],"surveys":[3,38],"of":[4,11,24,27,35,39,56,78,104,140,165,171,192,202,226,235],"blindness":[5,12,28,153,172,193,220,229],"have":[6],"reported":[7],"slightly":[8],"higher":[9],"rates":[10],"for":[13,163,228],"women.":[14],"In":[15,157],"order":[16],"to":[17,85,107,155,184,199,211,216],"gain":[18],"a":[19,33,47,74,200],"continent-by-continent":[20],"and":[21,58,72,128,145,180,231],"global":[22],"sense":[23],"the":[25,93,146,178,224,233],"burden":[26,191],"by":[29],"sex":[30],"we":[31],"conducted":[32],"meta-analysis":[34],"published,":[36],"population-based":[37],"blindness.":[40],"METHOD:":[41],"Published":[42],"reports":[43],"were":[44,64,67,82,90],"collected":[45],"using":[46,92],"predetermined":[48],"search":[49],"protocol":[50],"involving":[51],"commercial":[52],"electronic":[53],"databases,":[54],"hand-searching":[55],"references":[57],"direct":[59],"contact":[60],"with":[61],"researchers.":[62],"Studies":[63],"included":[65,69],"that":[66],"population-based,":[68],"clinical":[70],"examination":[71],"had":[73],"minimum":[75],"sample":[76],"size":[77],"1000.":[79],"The":[80,99,169,189],"studies":[81],"critically":[83],"appraised":[84],"determine":[86],"methodological":[87],"rigour.":[88],"Data":[89],"analysed":[91],"Cochrane":[94],"Collaboration":[95],"Review":[96],"Manager.":[97],"RESULTS:":[98],"overall":[100],"odds":[101],"ratio":[102],"(age-adjusted)":[103],"blind":[105,167],"women":[106,150,161,174,195],"men":[108],"is":[109,196,221],"1.43":[110],"(95%":[111,117,123,130],"CI":[112,118,124,131],"1.33-1.53),":[113],"ranging":[114],"from":[115,142],"1.39":[116],"1.20-1.61)":[119],"in":[120,126,133,173,207,219,223,232],"Africa,":[121,143],"1.41":[122],"1.29-1.54)":[125],"Asia,":[127,144],"1.63":[129],"1.30-2.05)":[132],"industrialised":[134,147,208],"countries.":[135,148,213],"There":[136],"was":[137,175],"good":[138],"homogeneity":[139],"findings":[141],"Globally,":[149],"bear":[151],"excess":[152,170,190],"compared":[154,210],"men.":[156],"these":[158],"surveys,":[159],"overall,":[160],"account":[162],"64.5%":[164],"all":[166],"people.":[168],"marked":[176],"among":[177,194],"elderly":[179],"not":[181],"due":[182,198],"only":[183],"differential":[185],"life":[186],"expectancy.":[187],"CONCLUSION:":[188],"likely":[197],"number":[201],"factors,":[203],"which":[204],"are":[205],"different":[206],"countries":[209],"developing":[212],"Particular":[214],"attention":[215],"gender":[217],"differences":[218],"needed":[222],"creation":[225],"targets":[227],"reduction":[230],"development":[234],"interventions.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}