{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004288544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3468660","title":"SU-GG-T-268: The Effect of Scanning Pattern and Dose Rate on Output Factor for Uniform Scanning Proton Beam","display_name":"SU-GG-T-268: The Effect of Scanning Pattern and Dose Rate on Output Factor for Uniform Scanning Proton Beam","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004288544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3468660","mag":"2004288544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.3468660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3468660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3468660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113685855","display_name":"Qingya Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Q Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute, Bloomington, IN","Purdue University, Westfield, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute, Bloomington, IN","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, Westfield, IN","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011747432","display_name":"Huanmei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-6044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-6044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D Pack","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Pack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute, Bloomington, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute, Bloomington, IN","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014037109","display_name":"C Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8479-5650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8479-5650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709130","display_name":"Indiana University School of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02ets8c94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University- School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN","Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute, Bloomington, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University- School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute, Bloomington, IN","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070721855","display_name":"Indra J. Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-0892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4094-0892"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709130","display_name":"Indiana University School of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02ets8c94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University- School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN","Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute, Bloomington, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University- School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute, Bloomington, IN","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14722125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"6Part19","first_page":"3247","last_page":"3247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.06780000030994415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-factors","display_name":"output factors","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-therapy","display_name":"proton therapy","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-rate","display_name":"dose rate","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scanning-patterns","display_name":"scan patterns","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-size","display_name":"field size","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stem-effect","display_name":"stem effect","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-plate-ionization-chamber","display_name":"parallel-plate ionization chamber","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-out-bragg-peak","display_name":"spread-out Bragg peak","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-current","display_name":"beam current","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781298738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18041535","display_name":"Sobp","level":4,"score":0.8462814688682556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181401712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6085394","display_name":"Isocenter","level":3,"score":0.7040407061576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.6252025961875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5895172357559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.5456314086914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775881188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162317","display_name":"Pencil-beam scanning","level":4,"score":0.530570924282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.5219525694847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90774946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600711","display_name":"Percentage depth dose curve","level":5,"score":0.4634783864021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4552742838859558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.430547833442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507667","display_name":"Proton therapy","level":3,"score":0.4153774678707123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3961183428764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.13186874985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151770136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640610","display_name":"Ionization chamber","level":4,"score":0.12210378050804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198291218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190382","display_name":"Ionization","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.3468660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3468660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3468660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021471048","https://openalex.org/W2123565035","https://openalex.org/W2047940258","https://openalex.org/W2010616001","https://openalex.org/W1966225582","https://openalex.org/W1044304826","https://openalex.org/W2059225790","https://openalex.org/W1994360231","https://openalex.org/W3086098726","https://openalex.org/W2027105544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"The":[1,62,250],"output":[2,185],"factor":[3,186,244],"(OF)":[4],"is":[5,64,100,145,267,282],"affected":[6,29],"by":[7,30,130,239],"several":[8],"factors":[9],"including":[10],"energy,":[11],"range,":[12,72],"Spread-Out":[13],"Bragg":[14],"Peak":[15],"(SOBP)":[16],"width,":[17],"aperture":[18],"size,":[19],"and":[20,34,53,60,153],"distance.":[21],"In":[22,42],"uniform":[23],"scanning,":[24],"it":[25],"could":[26],"also":[27],"be":[28,287],"beam":[31,98,155,159],"scanning":[32,51,117,122,182,199,223,265],"pattern":[33,52,118],"dose":[35,55,95,175,248],"rate,":[36,96],"which":[37],"have":[38],"not":[39],"been":[40],"studied.":[41],"this":[43],"study":[44,91,113],"we":[45],"investigate":[46],"of":[47,50,80,94,116,263,277],"the":[48,54,78,92,114,121,133,140,149,154,166,184,190,197,205,216,221,229,237,257,260,264,270,278],"effect":[49,93,115,214,272,285],"rate":[56,176],"on":[57,119,215],"OF.":[58],"Materials":[59],"Methods:":[61],"OF":[63,152,167,217,238,254,292],"measured":[65,76],"under":[66],"reference":[67],"condition":[68],"(16":[69],"cm":[70,74],"energy":[71],"10":[73],"SOBP,":[75],"at":[77,88],"center":[79],"SOBP)":[81],"with":[82,174,189,247],"a":[83,171,274],"calibrated":[84],"parallel":[85],"plate":[86],"chamber":[87,280],"isocenter.":[89],"To":[90,112],"proton":[97],"current":[99,160],"varied":[101],"from":[102,126,162,208,232],"0.5":[103],"to":[104,108,128,147,164,210,234,256,269],"7":[105],"nA,":[106],"(50":[107],"810":[109],"MU":[110],"/min).":[111],"OF,":[120],"fields":[123,295],"are":[124],"changed":[125],"12\u00d712cm2":[127],"30\u00d730cm":[129],"changing":[131,161],"either":[132],"horizontal":[134,198,230],"or":[135],"vertical":[136,206,222,261],"dimension":[137,207,231,262],"but":[138,203,227],"keeping":[139,220],"other":[141],"constant.":[142],"Statistical":[143],"analysis":[144],"used":[146],"explore":[148],"relationships":[150],"between":[151],"parameters.":[156],"Results:":[157],"For":[158,180],"0.5nA":[163],"7nA,":[165],"increases":[168,187],"(2.4%)":[169],"in":[170,253,259],"logarithmic":[172],"fashion":[173],"(R2":[177,193],"=":[178,194],"0.883).":[179],"squared":[181],"fields,":[183],"linearly":[188],"field":[191,266],"width":[192,200,224],"0.993).":[195],"Keeping":[196],"constant":[201,225],"(25cm),":[202,226],"varying":[204,228],"22cm":[209,233],"30cm":[211],"has":[212],"negligible":[213],"(<0.3%)":[218],"However,":[219],"30cm,":[235],"changes":[236,245],"about":[240],"2%.":[241],"Conclusion:":[242],"Output":[243],"slowly":[246],"rate.":[249],"2%":[251],"change":[252],"due":[255,268],"variation":[258],"stem":[271,281],"as":[273],"larger":[275],"volume":[276],"ion":[279],"irradiated.":[283],"This":[284],"should":[286],"taken":[288],"into":[289],"consideration":[290],"for":[291,294],"calculation":[293],"without":[296],"measurements.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}