{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004277689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00302a011","title":"Critical role of the A2 amino acid residue in the biological activity of insulin: [2-glycine-A]- and [2-alanine-A]insulins","display_name":"Critical role of the A2 amino acid residue in the biological activity of insulin: [2-glycine-A]- and [2-alanine-A]insulins","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004277689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00302a011","mag":"2004277689","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6372857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/bi00302a011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00302a011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00302a011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104038378","display_name":"Biochemistry","issn_l":"0006-2960","issn":["0006-2960","1520-4995","1943-295X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biochemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111531211","display_name":"Kouki Kitagawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kouki Kitagawa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000671974","display_name":"Hiroshi Ogawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-8432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-8432"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Ogawa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103529748","display_name":"Gerald Burke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Thompson Burke","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059897951","display_name":"J. D. Chanley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob D. Chanley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030689632","display_name":"Panayotis G. Katsoyannis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panayotis G. Katsoyannis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76237833,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"1405","last_page":"1413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10044","display_name":"Protein Structure and Dynamics","score":0.49559998512268066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10044","display_name":"Protein Structure and Dynamics","score":0.49559998512268066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10839","display_name":"Pancreatic function and diabetes","score":0.32199999690055847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10911","display_name":"Chemical Synthesis and Analysis","score":0.04129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin","display_name":"insulin","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/site-directed-mutagenesis","display_name":"site-directed mutagenesis","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-analogs","display_name":"insulin analogues","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-receptor-binding","display_name":"insulin receptor binding","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-monomer","display_name":"insulin monomer","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-dichroism","display_name":"circular dichroism","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/van-der-waals-forces","display_name":"van der Waals interactions","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-conformation","display_name":"insulin conformation","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779856020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218642","display_name":"Alanine","level":3,"score":0.5977952480316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.5648934841156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778407487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14565201","display_name":"Altmetrics","level":2,"score":0.5506637692451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777756961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620730","display_name":"Glycine","level":3,"score":0.547083854675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5268298983573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781338088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903495","display_name":"Residue (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4472283124923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.3845735192298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36866360902786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.30873382091522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.2859421372413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.22984164953231812}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000595","descriptor_name":"Amino Acid Sequence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002942","descriptor_name":"Circular Dichroism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000138","qualifier_name":"chemical synthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007532","descriptor_name":"Isoleucine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011487","descriptor_name":"Protein Conformation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011972","descriptor_name":"Receptor, Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013329","descriptor_name":"Structure-Activity Relationship","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046911","descriptor_name":"Macromolecular Substances","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/bi00302a011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00302a011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00302a011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104038378","display_name":"Biochemistry","issn_l":"0006-2960","issn":["0006-2960","1520-4995","1943-295X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biochemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:6372857","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6372857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biochemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307776","display_name":"Merck","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W964503500","https://openalex.org/W1491621039","https://openalex.org/W1508177894","https://openalex.org/W1875728332","https://openalex.org/W1971580141","https://openalex.org/W1972457807","https://openalex.org/W1976530953","https://openalex.org/W1984797081","https://openalex.org/W1996220552","https://openalex.org/W2001638247","https://openalex.org/W2005862420","https://openalex.org/W2006989237","https://openalex.org/W2007480851","https://openalex.org/W2015416623","https://openalex.org/W2025240038","https://openalex.org/W2028803243","https://openalex.org/W2042343811","https://openalex.org/W2046152615","https://openalex.org/W2062951491","https://openalex.org/W2064134818","https://openalex.org/W2069989705","https://openalex.org/W2078223693","https://openalex.org/W2079564988","https://openalex.org/W2081226699","https://openalex.org/W2082537691","https://openalex.org/W2094077114","https://openalex.org/W2127017975","https://openalex.org/W2134275750","https://openalex.org/W2231694041","https://openalex.org/W2316670539","https://openalex.org/W2327459167","https://openalex.org/W2331408610","https://openalex.org/W2418186625","https://openalex.org/W3004621187","https://openalex.org/W4323913122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050775629","https://openalex.org/W3151082746","https://openalex.org/W2316670539","https://openalex.org/W2017147368","https://openalex.org/W4247146639","https://openalex.org/W2028336264","https://openalex.org/W1487939459","https://openalex.org/W2015291243","https://openalex.org/W2164620470","https://openalex.org/W1968313958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,99],"report":[1],"the":[2,15,29,38,55,82,93,96,102,105,137,143,166,179],"synthesis":[3],"of":[4,37,81,84,92,95,104,108,140,147],"[2-glycine-A]insulin":[5],"([":[6,11],"Gly2":[7,77],"-A]insulin)":[8],"and":[9,42,142,175],"[2-alanine-A]insulin":[10],"Ala2-A]insulin)":[12],"in":[13,25,28,47,121,131,151,156],"which":[14,62,149],"indicated":[16],"amino":[17],"acid":[18],"has":[19],"been":[20],"substituted":[21],"for":[22,117],"isoleucine":[23,109],"found":[24],"this":[26],"position":[27,111],"natural":[30,97],"hormone.":[31,98],"The":[32,123],"circular":[33],"dichroic":[34],"(CD)":[35],"spectra":[36],"analogues":[39,56,70],"were":[40,45],"obtained,":[41],"their":[43],"properties":[44],"examined":[46],"several":[48],"biological":[49,119],"assays.":[50],"CD":[51],"studies":[52],"suggested":[53],"that":[54,101],"remain":[57],"monomeric":[58],"at":[59,61,90,110],"concentrations":[60],"insulin":[63,180],"is":[64,113],"partly":[65],"or":[66],"mostly":[67],"dimeric.":[68],"Both":[69],"are":[71,129,150],"extremely":[72],"weak":[73],"full":[74],"agonists.":[75],"[":[76],"-A]-insulin":[78],"displays":[79],"0.05%":[80],"potency":[83],"bovine":[85],"insulin,":[86],"whereas":[87],"[Ala2-A]insulin":[88],"assays":[89],"0.4%":[91],"activity":[94,120],"conclude":[100],"presence":[103],"side":[106,138],"chain":[107,139],"A2":[112],"a":[114,170],"critical":[115],"requirement":[116],"high":[118],"insulin.":[122,158],"data,":[124],"together":[125],"with":[126,133,173,176],"previous":[127],"observations,":[128],"discussed":[130],"connection":[132],"an":[134],"interaction":[135,160],"between":[136],"isoleucine-A2":[141],"phenolic":[144],"ring":[145],"system":[146],"tyrosine-A19,":[148],"van":[152],"der":[153],"Waals":[154],"contact":[155],"crystalline":[157],"This":[159],"may":[161],"be":[162],"required":[163],"to":[164,168,178],"permit":[165],"molecule":[167],"assume":[169],"conformation":[171],"consistent":[172],"dimerization":[174],"binding":[177],"receptor.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}