{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004222768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.144.3616.311","title":"Endogenous Metabolic Factor in Schizophrenic Behavior","display_name":"Endogenous Metabolic Factor in Schizophrenic Behavior","publication_year":1964,"publication_date":"1964-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004222768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.144.3616.311","mag":"2004222768","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14169724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.144.3616.311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.144.3616.311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.144.3616.311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113634459","display_name":"Hans H. Berlet","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. H. Berlet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101806796","display_name":"Christopher Bull","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5151-2081","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5151-2081"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Bull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059664799","display_name":"Harold E. Himwich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. E. Himwich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065111561","display_name":"Herbert H. Kohl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Kohl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016499405","display_name":"Kunio Matsumoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6532-4482","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6532-4482"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Matsumoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110003869","display_name":"GORDON R. PSCHEIDT","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. R. Pscheidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070780629","display_name":"Joanne K. Spaide","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Spaide","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089182274","display_name":"Thomas T. Tourlentes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. T. Tourlentes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102173981","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel Garc\u00eda Valverde","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. M. Valverde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3151,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"144","issue":"3616","first_page":"311","last_page":"313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11337","display_name":"Tryptophan and brain disorders","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2803","display_name":"Biological Psychiatry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11337","display_name":"Tryptophan and brain disorders","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2803","display_name":"Biological Psychiatry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.050700001418590546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12770","display_name":"Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1303","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizophrenia","display_name":"schizophrenia","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tryptophan-metabolites","display_name":"tryptophan metabolites","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methionine","display_name":"methionine","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urinary-metabolites","display_name":"urinary metabolites","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotic-symptoms","display_name":"psychotic symptoms","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symptom-exacerbation","display_name":"symptom exacerbation","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-protein-degradation","display_name":"muscle protein degradation","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-tryptophan","display_name":"free tryptophan","score":0.7149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16613235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285982","display_name":"Endogeny","level":2,"score":0.9218794107437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776706248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181003","display_name":"Tryptophan","level":3,"score":0.7076780200004578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780912031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180341","display_name":"Methionine","level":3,"score":0.562035858631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.45653659105300903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.4350315034389496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3796292543411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.33510667085647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33081650733947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28606075048446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.2576056718826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.256757915019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1490868330001831}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003401","descriptor_name":"Creatine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003404","descriptor_name":"Creatinine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004044","descriptor_name":"Dietary Proteins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006897","descriptor_name":"Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007210","descriptor_name":"Indoleacetic Acids","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007211","descriptor_name":"Indoles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008715","descriptor_name":"Methionine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009124","descriptor_name":"Muscle Proteins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012565","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenic Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014363","descriptor_name":"Tryptamines","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014364","descriptor_name":"Tryptophan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014556","descriptor_name":"Urine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.144.3616.311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.144.3616.311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.144.3616.311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14169724","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14169724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56886991","https://openalex.org/W168614738","https://openalex.org/W1964470829","https://openalex.org/W1992234519","https://openalex.org/W2057840996","https://openalex.org/W2095371550","https://openalex.org/W2109639115","https://openalex.org/W2252613174","https://openalex.org/W2410737173","https://openalex.org/W2413072004","https://openalex.org/W2414133772","https://openalex.org/W3119657077"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144424237","https://openalex.org/W2396266068","https://openalex.org/W2397802922","https://openalex.org/W2048741254","https://openalex.org/W2462262581","https://openalex.org/W111797108","https://openalex.org/W2418410809","https://openalex.org/W1990181324","https://openalex.org/W2993420924","https://openalex.org/W1988967138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exacerbations":[0],"of":[1,8,21,36,41,51],"schizophrenic":[2],"behavior":[3],"are":[4],"associated":[5],"with":[6],"elevations":[7],"urinary":[9],"tryptophan":[10,13],"metabolites.":[11],"Free":[12],"and":[14],"methionine":[15],"possibly":[16],"arising":[17],"from":[18],"the":[19,37,48],"breakdown":[20],"muscle":[22],"protein":[23],"may":[24,44],"act":[25],"like":[26],"an":[27],"endogenous":[28,49],"metabolic":[29],"factor":[30],"which":[31],"enhances":[32],"behavioral":[33],"worsening.":[34],"Some":[35],"apparently":[38],"spontaneous":[39],"activations":[40],"psychotic":[42],"symptoms":[43],"be":[45],"intensified":[46],"by":[47],"liberation":[50],"these":[52],"two":[53],"compounds.":[54]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}