{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004180823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.4420","title":"Cold-Flow Testing of Subscale Model Exhaust System for Space-Based Laser","display_name":"Cold-Flow Testing of Subscale Model Exhaust System for Space-Based Laser","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004180823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.4420","mag":"2004180823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.4420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.4420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.4420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164609412","display_name":"Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets","issn_l":"0022-4650","issn":["0022-4650","1533-6794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315709","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315709"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051109736","display_name":"Ian Bautista","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. S. Bautista","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson, Air Force Base, Ohio 45433"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson, Air Force Base, Ohio 45433","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083558786","display_name":"Scott E. Bergren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. E. Bergren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright\u2013Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright\u2013Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062989592","display_name":"Milton E. Franke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. E. Franke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright\u2013Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright\u2013Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"3","first_page":"500","last_page":"509"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10173","display_name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics","score":0.7764000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10173","display_name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics","score":0.7764000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13951","display_name":"Fluid dynamics and aerodynamics studies","score":0.08299999684095383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11012","display_name":"Gas Dynamics and Kinetic Theory","score":0.05139999836683273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-lasers","display_name":"space-based lasers","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-flow-test","display_name":"cold flow testing","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nozzle-array","display_name":"nozzle array","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhaust-manifold","display_name":"exhaust manifold","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supersonic-diffuser","display_name":"supersonic diffuser","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transition-structures","display_name":"transition structures","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oblique-shock-waves","display_name":"oblique shock","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supersonic-flow","display_name":"supersonic flow","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schlieren-photography","display_name":"schlieren photography","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-dynamics","display_name":"gas dynamics","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subscale-model","display_name":"subscale model","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-resonators","display_name":"optical resonators","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29829512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Spacecraft","level":2,"score":0.828648030757904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.7956579327583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778857364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974850","display_name":"Missile","level":2,"score":0.6657828688621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.6494934558868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.5293023586273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104060986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180046","display_name":"Space exploration","level":2,"score":0.5223904252052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106125477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48806","display_name":"Space Shuttle","level":2,"score":0.49644023180007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551646850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572667","display_name":"Spacecraft design","level":3,"score":0.49256306886672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77304879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211485","display_name":"Space technology","level":2,"score":0.47801387310028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47641098499298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776888684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11449356","display_name":"Space vehicle","level":2,"score":0.4635545313358307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167740415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213","display_name":"Aerospace","level":2,"score":0.44183388352394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3783011734485626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36482328176498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.363375723361969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21178880333900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.10085693001747131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.4420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.4420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.4420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164609412","display_name":"Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets","issn_l":"0022-4650","issn":["0022-4650","1533-6794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315709","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315709"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:ADA412667","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA412667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923043","display_name":"Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DTIC AND NTIS","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338278","display_name":"Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W298723734","https://openalex.org/W1977936156","https://openalex.org/W2327168760","https://openalex.org/W2923218843","https://openalex.org/W2993520942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W210112428","https://openalex.org/W298723734","https://openalex.org/W777698419","https://openalex.org/W2085871380","https://openalex.org/W2256240840","https://openalex.org/W2092288226","https://openalex.org/W1572294032","https://openalex.org/W822980456","https://openalex.org/W7047378370","https://openalex.org/W2328458289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,33,109,134,170],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,10,19,40,44,47,73,112,136,154,226,235],"this":[3,137,210],"research":[4,138],"was":[5,63,97,116,166,173],"to":[6,65,84,99,118,129,140,150,175,186,222],"continue":[7],"a":[8,41,66,74,81,212,233],"study":[9],"gas-dynamic":[11],"phenomena":[12],"that":[13,199],"occurred":[14],"in":[15,31,160],"stacked":[16],"cylindrical":[17],"rings":[18,34],"nozzles":[20],"and":[21,35,71,80,88,125,145,194],"an":[22],"exhaust":[23,36],"manifold":[24,37],"as":[25],"reported":[26],"by":[27],"Captain":[28],"Scott":[29],"Bergren":[30],"2002.":[32],"were":[38,139],"part":[39],"1/5-scale":[42],"model":[43,62],"one":[45],"quadrant":[46],"the":[48,86,113,119,131,142,147,155,161,177,187,218,223,227,230],"conceptual":[49,162],"Space":[50],"Based":[51],"Laser":[52],"Integrated":[53],"Flight":[54],"Experiment":[55],"(SBL":[56],"IFX)":[57],"gas":[58],"dynamic":[59],"laser.":[60],"This":[61],"mated":[64],"blow-":[67],"down/vacuum":[68],"wind":[69,106],"tunnel":[70,107],"consisted":[72],"nozzle":[75],"array,":[76],"centerbody,":[77,228],"supersonic":[78,95,114,200],"diffuser,":[79],"transition":[82,120,143,171],"structure":[83,121,144,172],"mate":[85],"vacuum":[87,179],"test":[89,148],"section.":[90],"During":[91,209],"Capt":[92],"Bergren's":[93],"research,":[94],"flow":[96,115,158,201,231],"found":[98],"only":[100],"last":[101],"for":[102,203],"0.2":[103],"seconds":[104,206],"from":[105,207],"startup.":[108,208],"short":[110],"duration":[111],"due":[117],"being":[122,127],"too":[123],"small":[124],"not":[126],"able":[128],"\"swallow\"":[130],"shock":[132,215],"wave.":[133],"objectives":[135],"remodel":[141],"evaluate":[146],"section":[149],"see":[151],"if":[152],"simulation":[153],"expected":[156],"fluid":[157],"properties":[159],"SBL":[163],"IFX":[164],"design":[165],"possible":[167],"using":[168],"cold-flow.":[169],"remodeled":[174],"capture":[176],"entire":[178],"line":[180],"entrance":[181],"area":[182],"while":[183],"still":[184],"mating":[185],"diffuser":[188],"exit.":[189],"Using":[190],"rapid":[191],"data":[192],"acquisition":[193],"schlieren":[195],"photography,":[196],"results":[197],"indicated":[198],"lasted":[202],"approximately":[204],"10":[205],"time,":[211],"well-defined":[213],"oblique":[214],"wave":[216],"inside":[217],"optical":[219],"cavity":[220],"attached":[221],"leading":[224],"edge":[225],"where":[229],"reached":[232],"velocity":[234],"Mach":[236],"2.8.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}