{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004159133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2012.249","title":"LOS and NLOS Classification for Underwater Acoustic Localization","display_name":"LOS and NLOS Classification for Underwater Acoustic Localization","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004159133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2012.249","mag":"2004159133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2012.249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2012.249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2012.249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3958&context=sis_research","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045471642","display_name":"Roee Diamant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2430-7061","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2430-7061"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roee Diamant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia., Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia., Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101873958","display_name":"Hwee-Pink Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-1429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8279-1429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hwee-Pink Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Connexis, Singapore","Institutefor Infocomm Res., Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Connexis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institutefor Infocomm Res., Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052549336","display_name":"Lutz Lampe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6583-1978","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6583-1978"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lutz Lampe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia., Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia., Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94512062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"311","last_page":"323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-localization","display_name":"underwater acoustic localization","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propagation-delay","display_name":"propagation delay","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range-estimation","display_name":"range estimation","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-channel-modeling","display_name":"underwater acoustic channel modeling","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node-mobility","display_name":"node mobility","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"signal strength","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-trials","display_name":"sea trials","score":0.765999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9332037568092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7808305025100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5993958115577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.5913206338882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72279823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139726","display_name":"Impulse response","level":2,"score":0.5525889992713928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.45336654782295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3858602046966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38308650255203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3551788330078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2538306713104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.212051123380661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18127042055130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09975144267082214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08378034830093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2012.249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2012.249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2012.249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-3958","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3958&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2012.249","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-3958","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3958&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2012.249","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W1525535255","https://openalex.org/W1528703258","https://openalex.org/W1558699874","https://openalex.org/W1561041135","https://openalex.org/W1603360153","https://openalex.org/W1964718088","https://openalex.org/W1965448085","https://openalex.org/W1978001812","https://openalex.org/W2006049262","https://openalex.org/W2045548574","https://openalex.org/W2055229047","https://openalex.org/W2059554491","https://openalex.org/W2080667905","https://openalex.org/W2088663943","https://openalex.org/W2099052762","https://openalex.org/W2100073941","https://openalex.org/W2100437722","https://openalex.org/W2109228966","https://openalex.org/W2112737587","https://openalex.org/W2112989857","https://openalex.org/W2115786899","https://openalex.org/W2119717304","https://openalex.org/W2138114662","https://openalex.org/W2140638323","https://openalex.org/W2149032657","https://openalex.org/W2150526557","https://openalex.org/W2157379615","https://openalex.org/W2158317991","https://openalex.org/W2161249924","https://openalex.org/W2162039473","https://openalex.org/W2163363194","https://openalex.org/W2171007619","https://openalex.org/W2544974010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391980879","https://openalex.org/W1636339314","https://openalex.org/W2799362944","https://openalex.org/W2903220199","https://openalex.org/W2083509671","https://openalex.org/W1978001812","https://openalex.org/W4307018408","https://openalex.org/W2355647129","https://openalex.org/W4206243596","https://openalex.org/W2353409691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"low":[1],"sound":[2],"speed":[3],"in":[4],"water":[5],"makes":[6],"propagation":[7],"delay":[8],"(PD)-based":[9],"range":[10,86],"estimation":[11],"attractive":[12],"for":[13,104,157],"underwater":[14,159],"acoustic":[15,160],"localization":[16],"(UWAL).":[17],"However,":[18],"due":[19,61],"to":[20,62,70,121,130,143],"the":[21,27,72,114,145,158,171],"long":[22],"channel":[23],"impulse":[24],"response":[25],"and":[26,66,76,84,110,138,142,186,198,206],"existence":[28],"of":[29,40,58,64,148,173,195,201],"reflectors,":[30],"PD-based":[31,85],"UWAL":[32],"suffers":[33],"from":[34,98,179],"significant":[35],"degradation":[36],"when":[37],"PD":[38,59,118,132,202],"measurements":[39,60,119,133,178,203],"nonline-of-sight":[41],"(NLOS)":[42],"communication":[43],"links":[44],"are":[45,96,163],"falsely":[46],"identified":[47],"as":[48],"line-of-sight":[49],"(LOS).":[50],"In":[51,113],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,88,124,169],"utilize":[55],"expected":[56],"variation":[57],"mobility":[63],"nodes":[65],"present":[67],"an":[68],"algorithm":[69,129],"classify":[71,131],"former":[73],"into":[74,134,204],"LOS":[75,137,205],"NLOS":[77,91,140],"links.":[78],"First,":[79],"by":[80],"comparing":[81],"signal":[82],"strength-based":[83],"measurements,":[87],"identify":[89],"object-related":[90],"(ONLOS)":[92],"links,":[93,123,197],"where":[94],"signals":[95],"reflected":[97],"objects":[99],"with":[100],"high":[101,192],"reflection":[102],"loss,":[103],"example,":[105],"ships":[106],"hull,":[107],"docks,":[108],"rocks":[109],"so":[111],"on.":[112],"second":[115],"step,":[116],"excluding":[117],"related":[120],"ONLOS":[122,196],"use":[125],"a":[126,191],"constrained":[127],"expectation-maximization":[128],"two":[135],"classes:":[136],"sea-related":[139],"(SNLOS),":[141],"estimate":[144],"statistical":[146],"parameters":[147],"each":[149],"class.":[150],"Since":[151],"our":[152,174,184],"classifier":[153,175],"relies":[154],"on":[155,177],"models":[156],"channel,":[161],"which":[162],"often":[164],"simplified,":[165],"alongside":[166],"simulation":[167,185],"results,":[168],"validate":[170],"performance":[172],"based":[176],"three":[180],"sea":[181,187],"trials.":[182],"Both":[183],"trial":[188],"results":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"detection":[193],"rate":[194],"accurate":[199],"classification":[200],"SNLOS.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}