{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004048736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790000200201","title":"To Protect and Serve: The \u201cGuard Dog\u201d Function of Journalism in Coverage of the Japanese-American Internment","display_name":"To Protect and Serve: The \u201cGuard Dog\u201d Function of Journalism in Coverage of the Japanese-American Internment","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004048736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790000200201","mag":"2004048736"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/152263790000200201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790000200201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790000200201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172728280","display_name":"Journalism & Communication Monographs","issn_l":"1522-6379","issn":["1522-6379","2161-4342"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journalism & Communication Monographs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ronald Bishop","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Bishop","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Humanities and Communication at Drexel University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Humanities and Communication at Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91109115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"64","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.6523000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.6523000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13625","display_name":"Journalism and Media Studies","score":0.2517000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13766","display_name":"Media, Journalism, and Communication History","score":0.04569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-american-internment","display_name":"Japanese American incarceration","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-coverage","display_name":"media coverage","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watchdog-function","display_name":"watchdog function","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-order-9066","display_name":"Executive Order 9066","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pearl-harbor","display_name":"Pearl Harbor","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-americans","display_name":"Japanese Americans","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-and-power","display_name":"media and power","score":0.41499999165534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6823110580444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5322228670120239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4958983361721039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4935418367385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.4866803288459778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.48651283979415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778223634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224952","display_name":"Suspect","level":2,"score":0.4679642617702484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119513131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11030","display_name":"Journalism","level":2,"score":0.4662769138813019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201280247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032","display_name":"Newspaper","level":2,"score":0.45543867349624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44637733697891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41103214025497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/152263790000200201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790000200201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790000200201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172728280","display_name":"Journalism & Communication Monographs","issn_l":"1522-6379","issn":["1522-6379","2161-4342"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journalism & Communication Monographs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W373394386","https://openalex.org/W385164485","https://openalex.org/W619537539","https://openalex.org/W634060004","https://openalex.org/W1500952994","https://openalex.org/W1553096721","https://openalex.org/W1966910149","https://openalex.org/W1989450905","https://openalex.org/W1995655165","https://openalex.org/W1995980729","https://openalex.org/W2024490707","https://openalex.org/W2067866142","https://openalex.org/W2073278278","https://openalex.org/W2139983122","https://openalex.org/W2144677745","https://openalex.org/W2322271330","https://openalex.org/W2795616622","https://openalex.org/W2800951387","https://openalex.org/W4205284210","https://openalex.org/W4229608713","https://openalex.org/W4238242062","https://openalex.org/W6792855023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2581994681","https://openalex.org/W4401556373","https://openalex.org/W156056612","https://openalex.org/W195828331","https://openalex.org/W4409723030","https://openalex.org/W4407401085","https://openalex.org/W2079550943","https://openalex.org/W1733668230","https://openalex.org/W7008039025","https://openalex.org/W2557491591"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,275],"monograph":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[412,430],"evolution":[4],"of":[5,11,38,48,95,110,143,290,330,432,438,446,469,495,555,580,595],"themes":[6],"in":[368],"print":[8,90],"media":[9,413,487,539],"coverage":[10],"Japanese-Americans":[12],"during":[13],"period":[15],"between":[16,391],"Pearl":[17,115],"Harbor":[18,116],"and":[19,53,124,158,177,180,239,253,308,322,335,372,377,409,452,566],"day":[21],"Franklin":[22],"D.":[23],"Roosevelt":[24],"signed":[25],"Executive":[26],"Order":[27],"9066.":[28],"Print":[29],"journalists":[30,91,149,205,246],"at":[31],"first":[32],"halfheartedly":[33],"played":[34],"celebrated":[36],"role":[602],"watchdog,":[39],"some":[41],"cases":[42],"urging":[43],"readers":[44],"to":[45,72,106,134,163,194,207,232,249,273,361,417,509,530,542,590,601,618],"be":[46,271,577],"tolerant":[47],"Japanese-Americans.":[49],"But":[50],"their":[51,54,165,236],"tolerance,":[52],"time":[55],"watchdog":[58,467],"role,":[59],"lasted":[60],"only":[61,356,373],"until":[62],"government":[64],"put":[65],"finishing":[67],"touches":[68],"on":[69,209,227,241,374,544],"its":[70],"policy":[71,80,533],"deal":[73],"with":[74,238,571],"alleged":[75,229,556],"fifth":[557],"column":[558],"activity,":[78],"a":[79,192,215,318,342,349,369,480,615,626],"which":[81],"culminated":[82],"internment.":[85],"From":[86],"that":[87,112,140,265,575,588],"point":[88],"on,":[89],"assumed":[92],"guard":[352,460],"dog,":[97],"acting":[98],"as":[99,131,151,255,464,479,493,499,551],"government's":[101],"sentry,":[102],"patrolling":[103],"for":[104,153,244,263,436,483],"threats":[105],"official":[108,593],"version":[109],"events":[111],"unfolded":[113],"after":[114],"(Donohue,":[117,523],"Tichenor,":[118,123,408,524],"&":[119,525],"Olien,":[120,526],"1995).":[121],"Donohue,":[122,407],"Olien":[125,410],"outlined":[126],"dog":[184,353,461],"function":[130,462],"it":[132,141],"relates":[133],"political":[135,536],"reporting,":[136],"but":[137],"I":[138],"argue":[139],"is":[142,256,285,294,325,346,366,389],"particular":[144],"relevance":[145],"here.":[146],"Guard":[183],"act":[150],"sentries":[152],"groups":[424],"who":[155,159,305],"hold":[156],"power":[157,283,292,307,395,497,508],"have":[502],"ability":[162],"create":[164],"own":[166],"security":[167],"systems":[168],"-":[169,384],"this":[171,562],"instance,":[172],"federal":[174],"government,":[175],"local":[176,195,242,362,402,439],"state":[178],"officials,":[179],"military.":[182],"reporting":[185,226],"takes":[186],"place":[187],"when":[278,288,357,387],"external":[189,359,573],"forces":[522],"present":[191],"threat":[193,231,360],"leadership":[363],"(p.":[197,382,397,425,583,611],"116).":[198,426],"In":[199],"writing":[200],"favorably":[201],"about":[202],"dominant":[392],"groups,":[204,513],"tend":[206],"concentrate":[208],"individuals":[210],"while":[211],"accepting":[212],"structure,":[214],"tendency":[216],"seen":[217],"clearly":[218],"(and":[219],"discussed":[220],"more":[222,415,422,605],"detail":[223],"later)":[224],"Japanese-American":[230],"national":[233],"security.":[234],"Through":[235],"interaction":[237],"dependence":[240],"leaders":[243],"information,":[245],"are":[247,414,488,516,540,568],"trained":[248],"suspect":[250],"potential":[251],"intruders,":[252],"sometimes,":[254],"case":[258,554],"here,":[259],"sound":[260],"alarm":[262],"reasons":[264],"group":[268],"may":[269],"initially":[270],"unable":[272],"understand.":[274],"inability":[276],"arises":[277],"authority":[280],"within":[281],"structure":[284,293,332],"divided":[286],"or":[287,394,534,598,621,628],"part":[289,494],"made":[295],"uncertain":[296],"by":[297,327,336,456,520,547,606,614,625],"an":[298,358,572,596],"organized":[299],"challenge.":[300],"Along":[301],"way,":[303],"lack":[306],"influence":[309],"receive":[310],"little":[311],"attention":[312],"from":[313,586,608],"journalists.":[316],"How":[317],"journalist":[319],"gathers":[320],"information":[321],"writes":[323],"stories":[324],"shaped":[326],"nature":[329],"being":[333],"served":[334],"whom":[337],"label":[341],"threat.":[343],"When":[344],"there":[345,388],"consensus":[347],"community,":[350],"sleeps,":[354],"stirring":[355],"materializes.":[364],"Conflict":[365],"reported":[367],"constrained":[370],"way":[371],"certain":[375,379],"issues":[376,451],"under":[378,518],"structural":[380],"conditions":[381],"116)":[383],"short,":[386],"conflict":[390,435],"powers":[610],"blocs":[396],"120).":[398],"Further,":[399],"where":[400],"different":[401],"conflicting":[405],"interests,":[406],"argue,":[411],"likely":[416],"reflect":[418],"views":[420],"ofthe":[421],"powerful":[423],"Such":[427],"protection":[428],"highlights":[429],"functions":[431],"externally":[433],"based":[434],"reinforcement":[437],"cohesion":[440],"(p.117).":[441],"Coverage":[442],"emphasizes":[443],"addressing":[450],"correcting":[453],"problems":[454],"faced":[455],"community.":[458],"The":[459,486],"rejects":[463],"unrealistic":[465],"press":[471],"taught":[472],"so":[474],"many":[475],"university":[476],"journalism":[477],"classes":[478],"guiding":[481],"principle":[482],"journalistic":[484],"practice.":[485],"not":[489],"autonomous;":[490],"they":[491,501,515],"operate":[492],"structure;":[498],"such,":[500],"neither":[503],"inclination":[505],"nor":[506],"challenge":[510,519,591,622],"those":[511],"unless":[514],"already":[517],"other":[521],"p.":[527],"119).":[528,584],"Unable":[529],"develop":[531],"social":[532],"motivate":[535],"action,":[537],"left":[541],"report":[543],"actions":[545],"taken":[546,624],"groups.":[549],"If,":[550],"activity":[559],"explored":[560],"monograph,":[563],"these":[564],"agencies":[567],"concerned":[569],"primarily":[570],"threat,":[574],"will":[576],"agenda":[579],"media...":[582],"Questions":[585],"reporters":[587],"seem":[589],"view":[594],"event":[597],"issue":[599],"amount":[600],"playing":[603],"driven":[604],"attacks":[607],"contending":[609],"119)":[612],"than":[613],"journalist's":[616],"desire":[617],"expose":[619],"corruption":[620],"action":[623],"corporation":[627],"agency.":[629],"\u2026":[630]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}