{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004019948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1702","title":"Patient safety indicators for England from hospital administrative data: case-control analysis and comparison with US data","display_name":"Patient safety indicators for England from hospital administrative data: case-control analysis and comparison with US data","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004019948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1702","mag":"2004019948","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18930971","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2569150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.a1702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1702","pdf_url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/337/bmj.a1702.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/337/bmj.a1702.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077085942","display_name":"Veena Soni Raleigh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"V. S Raleigh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Healthcare Commission, London EC1Y 8TG. veena.raleigh@healthcarecommission.org.uk","Healthcare Commission, London EC1Y 8TG","University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthcare Commission, London EC1Y 8TG. veena.raleigh@healthcarecommission.org.uk","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthcare Commission, London EC1Y 8TG","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. Cooper","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Healthcare Commission, London EC1Y 8TG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthcare Commission, London EC1Y 8TG","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025606537","display_name":"Stephen A. Bremner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-7070","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-7070"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. A Bremner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Healthcare Commission, London EC1Y 8TG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Healthcare Commission, London EC1Y 8TG","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016186355","display_name":"Sarah Scobie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0956-5158","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0956-5158"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125675","display_name":"National Patient Safety Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0qh685","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125675"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Scobie","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Patient Safety Agency, London W1T 5HD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Patient Safety Agency, London W1T 5HD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125675"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077085942"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1423,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96040682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"337","issue":"oct17 1","first_page":"a1702","last_page":"a1702"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.788100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.788100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12871","display_name":"Healthcare Quality and Management","score":0.1597999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12174","display_name":"Hospital Admissions and Outcomes","score":0.029100000858306885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2911","display_name":"Leadership and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-safety-indicators","display_name":"patient safety indicators","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-administrative-data","display_name":"hospital administrative data","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-episode-statistics","display_name":"Hospital Episode Statistics","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-events","display_name":"adverse events","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/length-of-hospital-stay","display_name":"length of hospital stay","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-hospital-mortality","display_name":"in-hospital mortality","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis","display_name":"sepsis","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstetric-trauma","display_name":"obstetric trauma","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/england","display_name":"England","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparison-with-united-states","display_name":"United States comparison","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nhs-trusts","display_name":"NHS trusts","score":0.8830000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.785726010799408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.591444194316864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20387591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930752","display_name":"Specialty","level":2,"score":0.5784828066825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5103554129600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.49383077025413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778681941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134614","display_name":"Coroner","level":4,"score":0.4455036222934723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4283861219882965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.34498825669288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.2669517993927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2665185332298279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.21888044476509094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005240","descriptor_name":"Feasibility Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006739","descriptor_name":"Hospital Administration","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006760","descriptor_name":"Hospitalization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013222","descriptor_name":"State Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017052","descriptor_name":"Hospital Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017751","descriptor_name":"Safety Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019984","descriptor_name":"Quality Indicators, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.a1702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1702","pdf_url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/337/bmj.a1702.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1934428","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2569150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:18930971","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18930971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2569150","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2569150/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/2840","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.a1702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1702","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1702","pdf_url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/337/bmj.a1702.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2004019948.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2004019948.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70273200","https://openalex.org/W192462963","https://openalex.org/W1966898847","https://openalex.org/W1967785333","https://openalex.org/W1981428665","https://openalex.org/W1988942396","https://openalex.org/W2002641189","https://openalex.org/W2007510666","https://openalex.org/W2020860921","https://openalex.org/W2041193779","https://openalex.org/W2051051566","https://openalex.org/W2076814698","https://openalex.org/W2115868148","https://openalex.org/W2117056479","https://openalex.org/W2151146393","https://openalex.org/W2151655936","https://openalex.org/W2161015778","https://openalex.org/W2175383507","https://openalex.org/W2410446460","https://openalex.org/W4241268121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103784846","https://openalex.org/W2153144498","https://openalex.org/W66957162","https://openalex.org/W2109638675","https://openalex.org/W2419413858","https://openalex.org/W2065522806","https://openalex.org/W2048169616","https://openalex.org/W4409150439","https://openalex.org/W4392221491","https://openalex.org/W2607001092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"assess":[2],"the":[3,32,71,131,169,212,223,227,243,324,330],"feasibility":[4],"of":[5,63,90,98,175,201,248,272,307,314,332,341],"deriving":[6],"patient":[7,27],"safety":[8,28,73,275,301],"indicators":[9,29,133,230],"for":[10,23,36,48,50,82,130,168,183,196,226,255,299,305],"England":[11,49,209,220,241,322],"from":[12],"routine":[13],"hospital":[14,45,142],"data":[15,262,283,295],"and":[16,39,53,65,79,103,177,187,242,250,284,312,323,335,339],"whether":[17],"they":[18],"can":[19,278],"indicate":[20],"adverse":[21],"outcomes":[22,290],"patients.":[24],"DESIGN:":[25],"Nine":[26],"developed":[30],"by":[31,76],"United":[33],"States":[34],"Agency":[35],"Healthcare":[37],"Research":[38],"Quality":[40],"(AHRQ)":[41],"were":[42,106,144,191,233,252],"derived":[43,280],"using":[44],"episode":[46],"statistics":[47],"2003-4,":[51],"2004-5,":[52],"2005-6.":[54],"A":[55],"case-control":[56],"analysis":[57],"was":[58,124,159,181,205,216],"undertaken":[59,107],"to":[60,318],"compare":[61],"length":[62,174,200,247],"stay":[64,176,202,249],"mortality":[66,178,215,251],"between":[67,240,321],"cases":[68,147,158,180,204,287],"(patients":[69],"experiencing":[70],"particular":[72],"event":[74,315,333],"measured":[75],"an":[77],"indicator)":[78],"controls":[80,151,164],"matched":[81,150,292],"age,":[83],"sex,":[84],"health":[85,337],"resource":[86],"group":[87],"(standard":[88],"groupings":[89],"clinically":[91],"similar":[92,96],"treatments":[93],"that":[94,286],"use":[95],"levels":[97,313],"healthcare":[99,342],"resource),":[100],"main":[101],"specialty,":[102],"trust.":[104],"Comparisons":[105],"with":[108,281],"US":[109,194,244,325],"data.":[110],"SETTING:":[111],"All":[112],"NHS":[113,120],"trusts":[114],"in":[115,119,127,146,149,157,163,179,203,208,211,219,222,236,245,329,336],"England.":[116],"PARTICIPANTS:":[117],"Inpatients":[118],"trusts.":[121],"RESULTS:":[122],"There":[123],"fair":[125],"consistency":[126],"national":[128],"rates":[129,190,195],"nine":[132],"across":[134],"three":[135],"years.":[136],"For":[137],"all":[138],"but":[139],"one":[140],"indicator,":[141],"stays":[143],"longer":[145],"than":[148,162,193,210,221,291],"(range":[152],"0.2-17.1":[153],"days,":[154],"P<0.001).":[155],"Mortality":[156],"also":[160,217],"higher":[161,218],"(5.7-27.1%,":[165],"P<0.001),":[166],"except":[167,225],"obstetric":[170,228],"trauma":[171,229],"indicators.":[172,198],"Excess":[173,214],"greatest":[182],"postoperative":[184,256],"hip":[185,257],"fracture":[186],"sepsis.":[188],"England's":[189],"lower":[192],"these":[197],"Increased":[199],"generally":[206],"greater":[207],"US.":[213],"US,":[224],"where":[231],"there":[232],"few":[234],"deaths":[235],"both":[237],"countries.":[238],"Differences":[239,320],"excess":[246],"most":[253],"marked":[254],"fracture.":[258],"CONCLUSIONS:":[259],"Hospital":[260],"administrative":[261],"provide":[263],"a":[264],"potentially":[265],"useful":[266],"low":[267,269],"burden,":[268],"cost":[270],"source":[271],"information":[273],"on":[274],"events.":[276,302],"Indicators":[277],"be":[279],"English":[282],"show":[285],"have":[288,297],"poorer":[289],"controls.":[293],"These":[294],"therefore":[296],"potential":[298],"monitoring":[300],"Further":[303],"validation,":[304],"example,":[306],"individual":[308],"cases,":[309],"is":[310],"needed":[311],"recording":[316],"need":[317],"improve.":[319],"might":[326],"reflect":[327],"differences":[328],"depth":[331],"coding":[334],"systems":[338],"patterns":[340],"provision.":[343]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
