{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004017607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2061283","title":"Structural Change and the Aggregate Poverty Rate","display_name":"Structural Change and the Aggregate Poverty Rate","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004017607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2061283","mag":"2004017607","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2070902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2061283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2061283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2061283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30543418","display_name":"Demography","issn_l":"0070-3370","issn":["0070-3370","1533-7790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Demography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016607765","display_name":"Donald R. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-9284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-9284"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donald R. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kent State University, Department of Economics, Kent, OH 44242"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kent State University, Department of Economics, Kent, OH 44242","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016607765"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"],"apc_list":{"value":2750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8288,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87126412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"323","last_page":"332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-rate","display_name":"poverty rate","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-change","display_name":"structural change","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-distribution","display_name":"employment distribution","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-sector-employment","display_name":"service sector employment","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-decline","display_name":"employment decline","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-decomposition","display_name":"poverty decomposition","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.7490000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.6312153935432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.5383068323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43694132566452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020798462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty rate","level":3,"score":0.42145276069641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.353602796792984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1816038191318512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.06404238939285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007221","descriptor_name":"Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007221","descriptor_name":"Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007221","descriptor_name":"Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012922","descriptor_name":"Social Change","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012922","descriptor_name":"Social Change","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012922","descriptor_name":"Social Change","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2061283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2061283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2061283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30543418","display_name":"Demography","issn_l":"0070-3370","issn":["0070-3370","1533-7790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Demography","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:2070902","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2070902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Demography","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:demogr:v:28:y:1991:i:2:p:323-332","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.2307/2061283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311890","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159476897","https://openalex.org/W274163585","https://openalex.org/W645388340","https://openalex.org/W1493615021","https://openalex.org/W1496673860","https://openalex.org/W1496791546","https://openalex.org/W1521563578","https://openalex.org/W1536834664","https://openalex.org/W1541563883","https://openalex.org/W1550744975","https://openalex.org/W1583687398","https://openalex.org/W1585744226","https://openalex.org/W1599439765","https://openalex.org/W1967855002","https://openalex.org/W1970545374","https://openalex.org/W1977748666","https://openalex.org/W1998815194","https://openalex.org/W2008175949","https://openalex.org/W2051986375","https://openalex.org/W2079086994","https://openalex.org/W2088071218","https://openalex.org/W2091206152","https://openalex.org/W2097984829","https://openalex.org/W2133869624","https://openalex.org/W2328486453","https://openalex.org/W2343463763","https://openalex.org/W2465967889","https://openalex.org/W2533390751","https://openalex.org/W2564606688","https://openalex.org/W2746486477","https://openalex.org/W2798387761","https://openalex.org/W2886742471","https://openalex.org/W2889882006","https://openalex.org/W2890726999","https://openalex.org/W2892096815","https://openalex.org/W3023026773","https://openalex.org/W3121778389","https://openalex.org/W3141852994","https://openalex.org/W3145933524","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6610007228","https://openalex.org/W6629858245","https://openalex.org/W6632387813","https://openalex.org/W6632597309","https://openalex.org/W6636028944","https://openalex.org/W6754331463","https://openalex.org/W6754470107","https://openalex.org/W6755209630","https://openalex.org/W6788211634","https://openalex.org/W7062246805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3037471551","https://openalex.org/W2157774102","https://openalex.org/W4240234557","https://openalex.org/W4213032324","https://openalex.org/W4382866851","https://openalex.org/W2962585137","https://openalex.org/W1851152949","https://openalex.org/W52206652","https://openalex.org/W1565627993","https://openalex.org/W2059432577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"measures":[2],"the":[3,10,17,26,32,46,56,63,74,84,103,109],"extent":[4],"to":[5,16,38,102],"which":[6],"recent":[7],"increases":[8,72],"in":[9,40,45,65,68,73,97,108],"aggregate":[11],"poverty":[12,28,49,57,77,107],"rate":[13,29,58],"are":[14],"attributable":[15,37],"changing":[18],"distribution":[19],"of":[20,48,76,86,93,106],"employment":[21,41,66,87,96],"across":[22],"industries.":[23,51],"We":[24],"decompose":[25],"total":[27],"change":[30],"over":[31],"1976-1983":[33],"period":[34],"into":[35],"components":[36],"changes":[39,44],"shares":[42],"and":[43,70],"incidence":[47,75,105],"within":[50,78],"Our":[52],"results":[53],"show":[54],"that":[55],"increase":[59],"resulted":[60],"primarily":[61],"from":[62,71,83],"decline":[64],"rates":[67],"general":[69],"all":[79],"industries,":[80],"rather":[81],"than":[82],"shift":[85],"opportunities":[88],"between":[89],"sectors.":[90],"The":[91],"growth":[92],"service":[94],"sector":[95],"particular":[98],"has":[99],"not":[100],"contributed":[101],"increased":[104],"United":[110],"States.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}