{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2004017511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930290206","title":"Retraining midcareer managers: Career history and self\u2010efficacy beliefs","display_name":"Retraining midcareer managers: Career history and self\u2010efficacy beliefs","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2004017511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930290206","mag":"2004017511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/hrm.3930290206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930290206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930290206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134094273","display_name":"Human Resource Management","issn_l":"0090-4848","issn":["0090-4848","1099-050X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Resource Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104355823","display_name":"Linda A. Hill","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda A. Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Linda A. Hill is an associate professor in the Organizational Behavior/Human Resource Management area at the Harvard Business School. She is currently working on a manuscript: Becoming a Manager: Mastery of a New Identity, to be published by the Harvard Business School Press, January 1992. Professor Hill's consulting and executive education activities have been in the areas of managing change and innovation, managing interfunctional conflict, managing in the multinational corporation, and developing an effective leadership style. Organizations with which Professor Hill has worked include Molex International, American Bankers Association, Bankers Trust Company, Bristol-Myers, American Federation of the Arts, McGraw-Hill, Textron, and IBM"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Linda A. Hill is an associate professor in the Organizational Behavior/Human Resource Management area at the Harvard Business School. She is currently working on a manuscript: Becoming a Manager: Mastery of a New Identity, to be published by the Harvard Business School Press, January 1992. Professor Hill's consulting and executive education activities have been in the areas of managing change and innovation, managing interfunctional conflict, managing in the multinational corporation, and developing an effective leadership style. Organizations with which Professor Hill has worked include Molex International, American Bankers Association, Bankers Trust Company, Bristol-Myers, American Federation of the Arts, McGraw-Hill, Textron, and IBM","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108284846","display_name":"Jaan Elias","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaan Elias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jaan Elias is a Ph.D. candidate in the Joint Organizational Behavior program at Harvard University. His dissertation investigates the ways in which government, industrial, and academic organizations structure the careers and mobility opportunities of Ph.D. physical scientists","The Division of Research, Harvard Business School supported this research. Data collection was a collaborative effort of the first author and Professor Jeffrey Sonnenfeld. Anne Donnellon, Ed Ottensmeyer, and members of the Argyris/Backman organizational research seminar gave many helpful suggestions on earlier versions of this article. The comments of Noel Tichy, Robin Axelrod, and an anonymous reviewer substantially improved the clarity of presentation. An earlier version of this work was presented at the 1990 Academy of Management Meetings"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jaan Elias is a Ph.D. candidate in the Joint Organizational Behavior program at Harvard University. His dissertation investigates the ways in which government, industrial, and academic organizations structure the careers and mobility opportunities of Ph.D. physical scientists","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Division of Research, Harvard Business School supported this research. Data collection was a collaborative effort of the first author and Professor Jeffrey Sonnenfeld. Anne Donnellon, Ed Ottensmeyer, and members of the Argyris/Backman organizational research seminar gave many helpful suggestions on earlier versions of this article. The comments of Noel Tichy, Robin Axelrod, and an anonymous reviewer substantially improved the clarity of presentation. An earlier version of this work was presented at the 1990 Academy of Management Meetings","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73796123,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"197","last_page":"217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12345","display_name":"Adult and Continuing Education Topics","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13163","display_name":"Organizational Learning and Leadership","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reskilling","display_name":"retraining","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-efficacy","display_name":"self-efficacy","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-work","display_name":"history of work","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-relevance","display_name":"training relevance","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-change","display_name":"corporate change","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-resource-development","display_name":"human resource development","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.9733291864395142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30795975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282744","display_name":"Obsolescence","level":2,"score":0.6416372656822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5594954490661621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5537319779396057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5479753017425537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107645774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5467169","display_name":"Human resources","level":2,"score":0.5134599804878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44632503390312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3877474069595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.3820468783378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32982414960861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.27745121717453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.177104651927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15527135133743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10208523273468018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/hrm.3930290206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930290206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930290206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134094273","display_name":"Human Resource Management","issn_l":"0090-4848","issn":["0090-4848","1099-050X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Resource Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.47999998927116394}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53107967","https://openalex.org/W188653804","https://openalex.org/W584861639","https://openalex.org/W1603292435","https://openalex.org/W1969296436","https://openalex.org/W1992770143","https://openalex.org/W1995679269","https://openalex.org/W2009158521","https://openalex.org/W2026689473","https://openalex.org/W2032063563","https://openalex.org/W2038912604","https://openalex.org/W2054291424","https://openalex.org/W2055804082","https://openalex.org/W2060512097","https://openalex.org/W2067589470","https://openalex.org/W2072148914","https://openalex.org/W2072187417","https://openalex.org/W2106251858","https://openalex.org/W2106266466","https://openalex.org/W2109419702","https://openalex.org/W2146064252","https://openalex.org/W2153403719","https://openalex.org/W2167884222","https://openalex.org/W2315628312","https://openalex.org/W2317208553","https://openalex.org/W2330403462","https://openalex.org/W3016365627","https://openalex.org/W3109530354","https://openalex.org/W3214923421","https://openalex.org/W4214708643"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013649179","https://openalex.org/W3154645168","https://openalex.org/W2762857591","https://openalex.org/W1776777778","https://openalex.org/W6987035163","https://openalex.org/W1967609748","https://openalex.org/W2012188769","https://openalex.org/W2137380033","https://openalex.org/W2766102924","https://openalex.org/W7157618597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Many":[1],"corporations":[2],"are":[3,50,108],"retraining":[4,23,107,114],"midcareer":[5,20,71],"managers":[6,21,27,72,159],"in":[7,47,128,149,163,174],"order":[8],"to":[9,22,53,62,106],"combat":[10],"employee":[11],"obsolescence":[12],"and":[13,81,135,146,156],"boost":[14],"corporate":[15,133,144],"competitiveness.":[16],"The":[17,55,102],"receptivity":[18,105],"of":[19,39,57,66,84,104,132,171],"is":[24],"mixed.":[25],"Those":[26],"who":[28,43],"believe":[29],"they":[30],"can":[31],"master":[32],"new":[33],"work\u2010related":[34],"learning":[35,48,175],"(in":[36],"the":[37,58,64,82,129,142,169],"terms":[38],"this":[40],"study,":[41],"those":[42,165],"have":[44,98],"positive":[45,67,172],"self\u2010efficacy":[46,68,94,173],"beliefs)":[49],"most":[51],"amenable":[52],"retraining.":[54,74],"objective":[56],"present":[59],"study":[60],"was":[61],"determine":[63],"antecedents":[65],"beliefs":[69],"for":[70,141],"facing":[73],"We":[75],"discovered":[76],"that":[77,167],"managers'":[78,111],"advancement":[79],"potential":[80],"relevance":[83],"their":[85,93],"previous":[86],"training":[87],"had":[88],"a":[89,120,150],"profound":[90],"impact":[91],"on":[92,119],"beliefs.":[95,176],"These":[96],"findings":[97],"important":[99],"practical":[100],"implications.":[101],"seeds":[103],"planted":[109],"throughout":[110],"careers.":[112],"Hence,":[113],"should":[115,125,160],"not":[116],"be":[117,126,161],"viewed":[118],"program\u2010by\u2010program":[121],"basis,":[122],"but":[123],"rather":[124],"understood":[127],"broader":[130],"context":[131],"life":[134],"individual":[136],"career":[137],"history.":[138],"To":[139],"prepare":[140],"inevitable":[143],"evolution":[145],"change":[147],"demanded":[148],"dynamic":[151],"business":[152],"environment,":[153],"senior":[154],"executives":[155],"human":[157],"resource":[158],"proactive":[162],"creating":[164],"conditions":[166],"facilitate":[168],"development":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}