{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003552829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970309602059","title":"Cooperative College Examinations: More Gain, Less Pain When Students Share Information and Grades","display_name":"Cooperative College Examinations: More Gain, Less Pain When Students Share Information and Grades","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003552829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970309602059","mag":"2003552829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00220970309602059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970309602059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970309602059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143721676","display_name":"The Journal of Experimental Education","issn_l":"0022-0973","issn":["0022-0973","1940-0683"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Experimental Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114016455","display_name":"Philip G. Zimbardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3085-992X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3085-992X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip G. Zimbardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104057001","display_name":"Lisa D. Butler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9216-0412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9216-0412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa D. Butler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006184920","display_name":"Valerie A. Wolfe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerie A. Wolfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7411,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95890411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"2","first_page":"101","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11526","display_name":"Innovative Teaching Methods","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-examinations","display_name":"university examinations","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-anxiety","display_name":"test anxiety","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-attitudes","display_name":"student attitudes","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cheating-behavior","display_name":"cheating","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-confidence","display_name":"student self-confidence","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-variability","display_name":"grade variability","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/introductory-psychology-students","display_name":"introductory psychology students","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-learning","display_name":"peer learning","score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-motivation","display_name":"student motivation","score":0.3140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357432","display_name":"Cheating","level":2,"score":0.9058730602264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6382039785385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5525234341621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5438703298568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.4932998716831207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781275859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426787","display_name":"Test anxiety","level":3,"score":0.4909653961658478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3369290828704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3364468812942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00220970309602059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970309602059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220970309602059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143721676","display_name":"The Journal of Experimental Education","issn_l":"0022-0973","issn":["0022-0973","1940-0683"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Experimental Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5899999737739563}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31380119","https://openalex.org/W31931342","https://openalex.org/W48276856","https://openalex.org/W56017923","https://openalex.org/W112225236","https://openalex.org/W174590574","https://openalex.org/W223113693","https://openalex.org/W265322829","https://openalex.org/W267267547","https://openalex.org/W303120091","https://openalex.org/W323462325","https://openalex.org/W332294637","https://openalex.org/W641848186","https://openalex.org/W1494932405","https://openalex.org/W1519721807","https://openalex.org/W1531134529","https://openalex.org/W1559556057","https://openalex.org/W1562208008","https://openalex.org/W1590308784","https://openalex.org/W1906545292","https://openalex.org/W1976484924","https://openalex.org/W1979511254","https://openalex.org/W1982705126","https://openalex.org/W2006815615","https://openalex.org/W2013522751","https://openalex.org/W2015900931","https://openalex.org/W2017781331","https://openalex.org/W2035609388","https://openalex.org/W2045780317","https://openalex.org/W2049890080","https://openalex.org/W2058570156","https://openalex.org/W2066008226","https://openalex.org/W2073000314","https://openalex.org/W2074402752","https://openalex.org/W2076008125","https://openalex.org/W2092655173","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2113041185","https://openalex.org/W2129369294","https://openalex.org/W2725205834","https://openalex.org/W2795741454","https://openalex.org/W2888190061","https://openalex.org/W2918628359","https://openalex.org/W3108441448","https://openalex.org/W3214923421","https://openalex.org/W4214907476","https://openalex.org/W4233188495","https://openalex.org/W4242051067","https://openalex.org/W4242279460","https://openalex.org/W4250408024","https://openalex.org/W4293586167","https://openalex.org/W4298199691","https://openalex.org/W4300870773","https://openalex.org/W4401194963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W234318513","https://openalex.org/W110454166","https://openalex.org/W7097727991","https://openalex.org/W2123331271","https://openalex.org/W1977352453","https://openalex.org/W2048414973","https://openalex.org/W2922363627","https://openalex.org/W219281703","https://openalex.org/W303120091","https://openalex.org/W2017781331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Examination":[0],"performance":[1],"of":[2,17,21,48,60,67,83,89,127],"introductory":[3],"psychology":[4],"students":[5,114],"(N":[6],"=":[7],"576)":[8],"was":[9,44],"significantly":[10,40],"enhanced":[11],"(p":[12],"<":[13],".001)":[14],"in":[15,54,109],"each":[16,33],"4":[18],"separate":[19],"comparisons":[20],"those":[22],"taking":[23],"tests":[24],"with":[25],"a":[26,65],"partner":[27],"versus":[28,120],"traditional":[29],"solo":[30,121],"testing.":[31],"In":[32],"case,":[34],"mean":[35],"test":[36,76],"scores":[37],"were":[38],"raised":[39],"and":[41,85,92,108,141,144],"grade":[42],"variability":[43],"reduced.":[45],"The":[46],"power":[47],"cooperative":[49,129],"team":[50,119],"testing":[51,106,122,130],"is":[52],"shown":[53],"the":[55,71,90,96,128,142],"robust":[56],"average":[57],"effect":[58],"size":[59],".80.":[61],"Teammates":[62],"also":[63],"reported":[64],"host":[66],"positive":[68,99],"attitudes":[69],"toward":[70],"experience,":[72],"notably":[73],"(a)":[74],"reduced":[75],"anxiety,":[77],"(b)":[78],"elevated":[79],"confidence,":[80],"(c)":[81],"irrelevance":[82],"cheating,":[84],"(d)":[86],"increased":[87],"enjoyment":[88],"course":[91],"subject":[93],"matter.":[94],"Similarly,":[95],"authors":[97],"found":[98],"effects":[100],"for":[101,133],"both":[102],"required":[103],"assignment":[104],"to":[105],"teams":[107],"freely":[110],"chosen":[111],"teams.":[112],"Comparison":[113],"given":[115],"hypothetical":[116],"scenarios":[117],"regarding":[118],"misjudged":[123],"some":[124],"key":[125],"features":[126],"procedures.":[131],"Recommendations":[132],"utilizing":[134],"this":[135],"effective":[136],"educational":[137],"strategy":[138],"are":[139,150],"proposed,":[140],"social":[143],"motivational":[145],"processes":[146],"that":[147],"it":[148],"engages":[149],"discussed.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}