{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003456246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cht.0.0012","title":"Disruptive Action and the Prophetic Tradition: War Resistance in the Plowshares Movement","display_name":"Disruptive Action and the Prophetic Tradition: War Resistance in the Plowshares Movement","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003456246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cht.0.0012","mag":"2003456246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/cht.0.0012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cht.0.0012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cht.0.0012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60343996","display_name":"U.S. Catholic historian","issn_l":"0735-8318","issn":["0735-8318","1947-8224"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"U.S. Catholic Historian","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075583767","display_name":"Sharon Erickson Nepstad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-5329","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-5329"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Erickson Nepstad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075583767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28005782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"2","first_page":"97","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.42329999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.42329999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.09650000184774399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.09239999949932098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-resistance","display_name":"war resistance","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hadith","display_name":"hadith","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catholic-left","display_name":"Catholic left","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pacifism","display_name":"pacifism","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonviolent-resistance","display_name":"nonviolent resistance","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-justification-of-violence","display_name":"religious justification of violence","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peace-activism","display_name":"peace activism","score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weapons-of-mass-destruction","display_name":"weapons of mass destruction","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-communities","display_name":"religious communities","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christian-pacifism","display_name":"Christian pacifism","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraq-war-protests","display_name":"Iraq War protests","score":0.43700000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192852","display_name":"Opposition (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6918278336524963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778692574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5410500","display_name":"Faith","level":2,"score":0.6039156317710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781424646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7395200","display_name":"SWORD","level":2,"score":0.5437520742416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.5341905951499939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775884135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845436","display_name":"Mandate","level":2,"score":0.4861128330230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.47390878200531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.46998465061187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551968917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5043","display_name":"Christianity","level":2,"score":0.4411700367927551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523173360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1991663","display_name":"Dissent","level":3,"score":0.4345018267631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.42654529213905334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4143625497817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.37076520919799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.36256444454193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.2639620304107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.23718523979187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2083621323108673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.19775819778442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1011945903301239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/cht.0.0012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cht.0.0012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cht.0.0012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60343996","display_name":"U.S. Catholic historian","issn_l":"0735-8318","issn":["0735-8318","1947-8224"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"U.S. Catholic Historian","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/268952","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/268952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W580838145","https://openalex.org/W615191584","https://openalex.org/W620544166","https://openalex.org/W641495586","https://openalex.org/W658087555","https://openalex.org/W843440935","https://openalex.org/W1555496022","https://openalex.org/W1555642747","https://openalex.org/W2066772690","https://openalex.org/W2083531813","https://openalex.org/W2085747967","https://openalex.org/W2330916888","https://openalex.org/W2800053491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W641495586","https://openalex.org/W1968345546","https://openalex.org/W1971149098","https://openalex.org/W2480379931","https://openalex.org/W2136281801","https://openalex.org/W2502276397","https://openalex.org/W3185624355","https://openalex.org/W2498894278","https://openalex.org/W3009327466","https://openalex.org/W2606942642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Disruptive":[0],"Action":[1],"and":[2,92,102,116,243,288,345,365,371,393,435,508,533,541,544,563,566,615],"the":[3,8,32,40,57,73,81,105,127,150,156,193,201,221,224,235,301,305,313,413,421,430,443,446,451,492,516,520,552,568,572,583,587,599,611,631,637,645,670],"Prophetic":[4],"Tradition:War":[5],"Resistance":[6],"in":[7,39,64,210,282,387,458,582,591],"Plowshares":[9,84,86,146,214,225,286,326,388,407,517,530,556,588],"Movement":[10],"Sharon":[11],"Erickson":[12],"Nepstad":[13],"Christian":[14],"opposition":[15,52],"to":[16,27,31,62,66,99,103,162,171,190,239,244,378,399,456,495,570,597,609,650],"war":[17,136,230,629],"is":[18,46],"as":[19,21,159,232,234,300],"old":[20],"Christianity":[22],"itself.":[23],"From":[24,466],"Jesus'":[25],"mandate":[26],"love":[28],"one's":[29],"enemies":[30],"emergence":[33,222],"of":[34,51,69,72,165,196,223,229,280,312,319,369,382,404,410,429,445,555,574,626,639,644,654],"numerous":[35],"faith-based":[36,278],"pacifist":[37],"organizations":[38],"twentieth":[41,632],"century,":[42],"a":[43,59,260,310,317,335,356,380,416,476,624],"longstanding":[44],"tradition":[45,614,653],"evident.":[47],"Yet":[48],"religious":[49,363],"methods":[50,228],"have":[53,77,198,208,549],"varied":[54],"significantly":[55],"over":[56],"centuries\u2014from":[58],"personal":[60,527],"refusal":[61],"participate":[63],"combat":[65],"direct":[67],"obstruction":[68],"war.":[70],"Some":[71],"most":[74],"controversial":[75],"tactics":[76,242],"been":[78],"used":[79,375],"by":[80,267],"Catholic":[82,320,578,647,655],"Left-inspired":[83],"movement.":[85,202,306],"activists":[87,147,179,290,323],"break":[88],"into":[89,114,119],"military":[90,602],"facilities":[91],"munitions":[93],"production":[94],"sites,":[95],"using":[96,259],"household":[97],"hammers":[98],"damage":[100],"weaponry":[101],"enact":[104],"prophet":[106],"Isaiah's":[107],"vision:":[108],"\"Nations":[109],"shall":[110,124,132],"beat":[111],"their":[112,117,496,534],"swords":[113],"plowshares":[115],"spears":[118],"pruning":[120],"hooks;":[121],"one":[122],"nation":[123],"not":[125,199,485,594,664],"raise":[126],"sword":[128],"against":[129],"another,":[130],"nor":[131],"they":[133,154,174,471,536],"train":[134],"for":[135,304,330,661],"again\"":[137],"(Isaiah":[138],"4:2).":[139],"Such":[140],"actions":[141,389],"are":[142,180],"obviously":[143],"illegal,":[144],"but":[145],"willingly":[148],"accept":[149],"consequences.":[151],"In":[152,216,499,619],"fact,":[153,620],"use":[155],"prosecution":[157],"process":[158],"an":[160,459],"opportunity":[161,569],"put":[163],"weapons":[164],"mass":[166],"destruction":[167],"on":[168,479,515,580,628],"trial,":[169],"seeking":[170],"demonstrate":[172],"how":[173],"violate":[175],"international":[176],"law.":[177],"Although":[178],"almost":[181],"inevitably":[182],"convicted,":[183],"receiving":[184],"prison":[185],"sentences":[186],"that":[187,358,470],"range":[188],"up":[189],"eighteen":[191],"years,":[192,296],"severe":[194],"consequences":[195],"participation":[197],"slowed":[200],"Since":[203,420],"1980,":[204,592],"approximately":[205],"200":[206],"people":[207,402],"participated":[209],"roughly":[211],"80":[212],"so-called":[213],"actions.1":[215],"this":[217,338,351,437],"article,":[218],"I":[219,254,265,307,340,354,374,396,432,448,474,483,501,510,548],"explore":[220],"movement's":[226],"distinctive":[227],"resistance":[231,281],"well":[233],"theological":[236],"ideas":[237],"developed":[238],"justify":[240],"its":[241,652],"promote":[245],"long-term":[246],"peace":[247],"commitment.":[248],"Methodology":[249],"To":[250],"address":[251],"these":[252],"issues,":[253],"gathered":[255],"data":[256],"from":[257,426,513],"2000-2003":[258],"multi-method":[261,559],"social":[262],"science":[263],"approach.":[264],"began":[266],"conducting":[268],"participant":[269],"observation":[270],"at":[271,491,519],"Jonah":[272],"[End":[273],"Page":[274],"97]":[275],"House\u2014an":[276],"intentional":[277],"community":[279],"Baltimore":[283],"where":[284],"several":[285,333],"leaders":[287],"many":[289,325],"live.":[291],"For":[292,634],"more":[293],"than":[294],"30":[295],"it":[297,593,604],"has":[298],"served":[299],"central":[302],"base":[303],"also":[308,511,605],"attended":[309],"gathering":[311],"Atlantic":[314],"Life":[315],"Community,":[316],"network":[318],"Left":[321],"anti-war":[322],"(including":[324],"participants)":[327],"who":[328,384,468,488],"meet":[329],"weekend":[331],"retreats":[332],"times":[334],"year.":[336],"During":[337],"time,":[339],"took":[341,385],"extensive":[342],"field":[343],"notes":[344],"conducted":[346,502],"exploratory":[347],"interviews.":[348],"Drawing":[349],"upon":[350,551,607],"qualitative":[352],"data,":[353],"designed":[355],"survey":[357,422],"addressed":[359],"basic":[360],"demographic":[361],"information,":[362],"beliefs":[364],"practices,":[366],"prior":[367],"history":[368,461],"activism":[370],"so":[372],"forth.":[373],"movement":[376,518,545,589],"documents":[377,514],"compile":[379],"list":[381],"individuals":[383],"part":[386],"between":[390],"September":[391],"1980":[392],"June":[394],"2001.":[395],"was":[397],"able":[398],"locate":[400],"112":[401],"out":[403],"161":[405],"living":[406],"activists;":[408],"54":[409],"them":[411],"completed":[412],"surveys,":[414],"generating":[415],"48%":[417],"response":[418],"rate.":[419],"results":[423],"were":[424,472,489,506],"drawn":[425,550],"only":[427,595,665],"one-third":[428],"movement,":[431],"confirmed,":[433],"supplemented,":[434],"expanded":[436],"information":[438],"with":[439],"additional":[440],"data.":[441],"At":[442],"end":[444],"questionnaire,":[447],"asked":[449],"if":[450],"respondent":[452],"would":[453],"be":[454],"open":[455],"participating":[457],"oral":[460,576],"interview.":[462],"Almost":[463],"everyone":[464],"agreed.":[465],"those":[467,487],"indicated":[469],"willing,":[473],"selected":[475],"sample":[477],"based":[478],"legal":[480],"status":[481],"(i.e.":[482],"did":[484],"interview":[486],"incarcerated":[490],"time":[493],"due":[494],"greater":[497],"vulnerability).":[498],"all,":[500],"thirty-five":[503],"interviews,":[504],"which":[505],"tape-recorded":[507],"transcribed.":[509],"drew":[512],"DePaul":[521],"University":[522],"archives.":[523],"These":[524],"archives":[525],"included":[526],"correspondence":[528],"among":[529],"leaders,":[531],"activists,":[532],"families;":[535],"contained":[537],"court":[538],"transcripts,":[539],"newspaper":[540],"magazine":[542],"articles,":[543],"newsletters.":[546],"Finally,":[547],"published":[553],"writings":[554],"activists.":[557],"This":[558],"approach":[560],"produced":[561],"historical":[562],"contemporary":[564],"views":[565,627],"provided":[567],"verify":[571],"accuracy":[573],"participants'":[575],"accounts.":[577],"Positions":[579],"War":[581,613,641],"Twentieth":[584],"Century":[585],"When":[586],"emerged":[590],"aimed":[596],"challenge":[598],"U.S.":[600,621,646,662],"government's":[601],"policies,":[603],"called":[606],"Catholics":[608,622],"reject":[610],"Just":[612],"embrace":[616],"gospel":[617],"nonviolence.":[618],"held":[623],"variety":[625],"throughout":[630],"century.":[633],"example,":[635],"before":[636],"onset":[638],"World":[640],"I,":[642],"representatives":[643],"hierarchy":[648],"pledged":[649],"uphold":[651],"patriotism":[656],"during":[657],"war.2":[658],"Unquestioning":[659],"support":[660],"policies":[663],"assuaged":[666],"public":[667],"concern":[668],"about":[669],"loyalty":[671],"of...":[672]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}