{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003451856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1968.4502576","title":"Spectral Analysis of Pulse Frequency Modulation in the Nervous Systems","display_name":"Spectral Analysis of Pulse Frequency Modulation in the Nervous Systems","publication_year":1968,"publication_date":"1968-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003451856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1968.4502576","mag":"2003451856","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5699902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.1968.4502576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1968.4502576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1968.4502576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2003451856"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074482034","display_name":"Elliott J. Bayly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elliott J. Bayly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074482034"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921","https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1702,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":210,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85102162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"BME-15","issue":"4","first_page":"257","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9193999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9193999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13816","display_name":"Advanced Signal Processing Techniques","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-frequency-modulation","display_name":"pulse frequency modulation","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-analysis","display_name":"spectral analysis","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-pass-filtering","display_name":"low-pass filtering","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-distortion","display_name":"signal distortion","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-equilibria","display_name":"phase equilibria","score":0.8130000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.7029561996459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.619838297367096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57747864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180948","display_name":"Phase distortion","level":3,"score":0.5979912281036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5627249479293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.524573564529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983668108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280453","display_name":"Spectral analysis","level":3,"score":0.5227137804031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5163889527320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150251571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066418","display_name":"Pulse-frequency modulation","level":5,"score":0.4964364171028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.48623982071876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.46341222524642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.46174079179763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44587329030036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.38030439615249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.334652304649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201905106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183755","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.29734498262405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28202158212661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26134639978408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.22581017017364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21885907649993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.1664537787437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.13973158597946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D008722","descriptor_name":"Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009431","descriptor_name":"Neural Conduction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011674","descriptor_name":"Pulse","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013057","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.1968.4502576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1968.4502576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1968.4502576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:5699902","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5699902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W593866516","https://openalex.org/W786845386","https://openalex.org/W1511243770","https://openalex.org/W1934472280","https://openalex.org/W1965363502","https://openalex.org/W1986831555","https://openalex.org/W1988849438","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W2017924340","https://openalex.org/W2021589660","https://openalex.org/W2025939401","https://openalex.org/W2027105383","https://openalex.org/W2032381630","https://openalex.org/W2043107754","https://openalex.org/W2057191168","https://openalex.org/W2058760588","https://openalex.org/W2067401416","https://openalex.org/W2067559669","https://openalex.org/W2081087537","https://openalex.org/W2092057185","https://openalex.org/W2095769432","https://openalex.org/W2101931810","https://openalex.org/W2117059432","https://openalex.org/W2127448674","https://openalex.org/W2346980153","https://openalex.org/W2407312334","https://openalex.org/W2410662513","https://openalex.org/W2424132908","https://openalex.org/W2429593214","https://openalex.org/W2757197370","https://openalex.org/W2885202615","https://openalex.org/W4240111482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097078551","https://openalex.org/W2562209096","https://openalex.org/W2528846502","https://openalex.org/W2079398749","https://openalex.org/W1606762166","https://openalex.org/W2035424938","https://openalex.org/W1595181310","https://openalex.org/W2374876423","https://openalex.org/W6929235170","https://openalex.org/W1503193850"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spectral":[0],"analysis":[1,35],"is":[2,56,72],"one":[3],"of":[4,27,33,36,39,44,61,69,89,99,111],"the":[5,14,28,37,40,45,57],"more":[6],"important":[7],"design":[8],"and":[9,17,78,86],"evaluation":[10],"tools":[11],"available":[12],"to":[13,24],"communications":[15],"engineer":[16],"it":[18],"could":[19],"also":[20],"be":[21],"a":[22,62,90],"key":[23],"increased":[25],"understanding":[26],"nervous":[29,46,114],"system.":[30],"Some":[31],"results":[32,106],"an":[34],"spectrum":[38],"frequency":[41,55],"modulated":[42],"pulses":[43],"system":[47,115],"show":[48],"that":[49],"1)":[50],"change":[51],"in":[52,109],"average":[53],"pulse":[54,64,92],"likely":[58],"information-carrying":[59],"parameter":[60],"neural":[63,91],"train,":[65],"since":[66],"distortion-free":[67],"recovery":[68],"this":[70],"variable":[71],"possible":[73],"by":[74],"simple":[75],"low-pass":[76],"filtering,":[77],"2)":[79],"phase":[80],"relationships":[81],"existing":[82],"between":[83],"signal":[84],"components":[85,88],"distortion":[87,96],"train":[93],"imply":[94],"unusual":[95],"attenuating":[97],"properties":[98],"multiple":[100],"or":[101],"duplicate":[102],"information":[103],"channels.":[104],"These":[105],"are":[107],"discussed":[108],"light":[110],"some":[112],"known":[113],"structures.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
