{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003407020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2006.08.001","title":"Charles Babbage: Reclaiming an operations management pioneer","display_name":"Charles Babbage: Reclaiming an operations management pioneer","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003407020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2006.08.001","mag":"2003407020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jom.2006.08.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2006.08.001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2006.08.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142306484","display_name":"Journal of Operations Management","issn_l":"0272-6963","issn":["0272-6963","1873-1317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Operations Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057420103","display_name":"Michael Anthony Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7620-1891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7620-1891"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","display_name":"University of Bath","ror":"https://ror.org/002h8g185","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operations and Supply Group, University of Bath School of Management, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operations and Supply Group, University of Bath School of Management, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057420103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"],"apc_list":{"value":3520,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3520},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6357,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82528223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"248","last_page":"259"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.6693999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.6693999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13706","display_name":"Management and Optimization Techniques","score":0.2768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.01889999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charles-babbage","display_name":"Charles Babbage","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrialization","display_name":"industrialization","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-tool-technology","display_name":"machine tool technology","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-management","display_name":"scientific management","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-measurement","display_name":"statistical measurement","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empiricism","display_name":"empiricism","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/difference-engine","display_name":"difference engine","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-engine","display_name":"analytical engine","score":0.9819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776603922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270141","display_name":"Polymath","level":2,"score":0.6898671984672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780146897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353284","display_name":"Intellect","level":2,"score":0.5248035192489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36790819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83368","display_name":"Empiricism","level":2,"score":0.5013175010681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.4813700318336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96820896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471400","display_name":"Business history","level":2,"score":0.4413280487060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.36583030223846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.36179953813552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3316230773925781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.2869528532028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25746485590934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.1696268618106842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.15292486548423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11147609353065491}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jom.2006.08.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2006.08.001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2006.08.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142306484","display_name":"Journal of Operations Management","issn_l":"0272-6963","issn":["0272-6963","1873-1317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","utd24","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Operations Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5199999809265137}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122490179","https://openalex.org/W178062449","https://openalex.org/W599026151","https://openalex.org/W613026597","https://openalex.org/W650399737","https://openalex.org/W1493139712","https://openalex.org/W1499805057","https://openalex.org/W1500954227","https://openalex.org/W1520843661","https://openalex.org/W1524194198","https://openalex.org/W1568250390","https://openalex.org/W1571363720","https://openalex.org/W1604539378","https://openalex.org/W1604563889","https://openalex.org/W1848909979","https://openalex.org/W1964654639","https://openalex.org/W1966805867","https://openalex.org/W1967702536","https://openalex.org/W1971486119","https://openalex.org/W1974778585","https://openalex.org/W1979505044","https://openalex.org/W1986303867","https://openalex.org/W1987080615","https://openalex.org/W1992188622","https://openalex.org/W1992384379","https://openalex.org/W1995793127","https://openalex.org/W1999143869","https://openalex.org/W2002373344","https://openalex.org/W2002656340","https://openalex.org/W2004488412","https://openalex.org/W2019537737","https://openalex.org/W2024566061","https://openalex.org/W2029258639","https://openalex.org/W2030132123","https://openalex.org/W2037439995","https://openalex.org/W2037786609","https://openalex.org/W2038019685","https://openalex.org/W2047956605","https://openalex.org/W2049841607","https://openalex.org/W2051037141","https://openalex.org/W2056010559","https://openalex.org/W2067066585","https://openalex.org/W2067927349","https://openalex.org/W2069953825","https://openalex.org/W2074847743","https://openalex.org/W2076660862","https://openalex.org/W2083300154","https://openalex.org/W2084560847","https://openalex.org/W2085047372","https://openalex.org/W2089958709","https://openalex.org/W2091331578","https://openalex.org/W2105567560","https://openalex.org/W2123709218","https://openalex.org/W2140604840","https://openalex.org/W2237285575","https://openalex.org/W2315915614","https://openalex.org/W2326206064","https://openalex.org/W2326661154","https://openalex.org/W2326801275","https://openalex.org/W2329898460","https://openalex.org/W2482018454","https://openalex.org/W2788586226","https://openalex.org/W2986921706","https://openalex.org/W2991490113","https://openalex.org/W2993235990","https://openalex.org/W3028470905","https://openalex.org/W3122322539","https://openalex.org/W3174994520","https://openalex.org/W4206448106","https://openalex.org/W4206659216","https://openalex.org/W4238981721","https://openalex.org/W4243276635","https://openalex.org/W4253056648","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292923679","https://openalex.org/W4300885780","https://openalex.org/W4319589138","https://openalex.org/W6605039161"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6949494353","https://openalex.org/W2237285575","https://openalex.org/W4244439351","https://openalex.org/W418219087","https://openalex.org/W2155861872","https://openalex.org/W1598329365","https://openalex.org/W1530539139","https://openalex.org/W2591384001","https://openalex.org/W2520075593","https://openalex.org/W1565744902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Charles":[1,112,233],"Babbage":[2,87,113,234],"(1791\u20131871)":[3],"was":[4,70,153],"the":[5,17,26,45,57,73,97,122,160,165,176,184,196,240],"embodiment":[6],"of":[7,16,20,25,31,47,64,91,102,124,132,138,179,186,223,227,242],"a":[8,11,41,85,119,133,142,221,225,235],"polymath:":[9],"elected":[10],"Royal":[12],"Society":[13],"fellow,":[14],"holder":[15],"Lucasian":[18],"Chair":[19],"mathematics":[21],"at":[22],"Cambridge,":[23],"founder":[24],"London":[27],"Statistical":[28],"Society,":[29],"author":[30],"many":[32,197],"papers":[33],"and":[34,54,62,80,94,99,105,136,148,188,205,214,229],"full\u2010length":[35],"monographs":[36],"and,":[37],"most":[38,161],"famously":[39],"from":[40],"21st":[42],"century":[43],"perspective,":[44],"architect":[46],"modern":[48],"computing":[49],"with":[50,141,220],"his":[51,92,180],"difference":[52],"engines":[53],"designs":[55],"for":[56],"analytical":[58],"engine.":[59],"The":[60,170,217],"scale":[61],"complexity":[63],"these":[65],"machines":[66],"meant":[67],"their":[68],"realisation":[69],"dependent":[71],"upon":[72,175],"latest":[74],"industrial":[75],"advances":[76],"like":[77],"parts":[78],"standardization":[79],"machine":[81],"tool":[82],"technology.":[83],"As":[84],"result":[86],"committed":[88],"large":[89],"amounts":[90],"time":[93],"money":[95],"to":[96,115,144,211],"theoretical":[98,213],"empirical":[100],"study":[101],"advanced":[103],"production":[104],"engineering":[106],"practice.":[107],"This":[108],"paper":[109,171,218],"argues":[110],"that":[111,208],"deserves":[114],"be":[116],"recognised":[117],"as":[118,155],"pioneer":[120,238],"in":[121,173,192,202,239],"field":[123,241],"operations":[125,199,243],"management.":[126,244],"His":[127],"path\u2010breaking":[128],"contributions":[129],"were":[130],"born":[131],"singular":[134],"intellect":[135],"degree":[137],"creativity":[139],"combined":[140],"commitment":[143],"empiricist":[145],"scientific":[146],"method":[147],"statistical":[149],"measurement.":[150],"Moreover,":[151],"he":[152],"working":[154],"Britain":[156],"transformed":[157],"itself":[158],"into":[159],"highly":[162],"industrialized":[163],"country":[164],"world":[166],"had":[167],"ever":[168],"seen.":[169],"draws":[172],"particular":[174],"various":[177],"editions":[178],"best\u2010selling":[181],"book,":[182],"\u2018On":[183],"Economy":[185],"Machines":[187],"Manufactures\u2019,":[189],"first":[190],"published":[191],"1832.":[193],"It":[194],"reviews":[195],"core":[198],"principles":[200],"evident":[201],"Babbage's":[203],"analyses":[204],"highlights":[206],"insights":[207],"remain":[209],"relevant":[210],"today's":[212],"practical":[215],"concerns.":[216],"concludes":[219],"discussion":[222],"how":[224],"combination":[226],"contextual":[228],"biographical":[230],"factors":[231],"left":[232],"largely":[236],"unsung":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}