{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003298151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072269","title":"Automatic semantic grouping in a spoken language user interface toolkit","display_name":"Automatic semantic grouping in a spoken language user interface toolkit","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003298151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072269","mag":"2003298151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1072228.1072269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072269","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1072228.1072269","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419219","display_name":"International Conference on Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"1525-2477","issn":["1525-2477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1072228.1072269","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112005471","display_name":"Hassan Alam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026395343","display_name":"Timotius Tjahjadi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timotius Tjahjadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068681553","display_name":"Che Wilcox","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Che Wilcox","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102840416","display_name":"Hua Nong Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1109-7832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1109-7832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018082511","display_name":"Rachmat Hartono","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachmat Hartono","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701816","display_name":"Aman Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1991-3144","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1991-3144","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1872-2129"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aman Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057966390","display_name":"Paul Llido","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Llido","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021887727","display_name":"Crystal Nakatsu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Crystal Nakatsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071282612","display_name":"Huy Quang Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-2997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-2997","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-5295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huy Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029426102","display_name":"Fuad Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8670-7124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8670-7124"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuad Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111704478","display_name":"Yuliya Tarnikova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128946","display_name":"BCL Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031ekp611","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuliya Tarnikova","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCL Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13222163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.7538999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.7538999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.24220000207424164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-classification","display_name":"semantic classification","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-representation","display_name":"semantic representation","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity-based-grouping","display_name":"similarity-based grouping","score":0.796999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8956094980239868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6521791219711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6176329255104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.5827222466468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5571790337562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.537625789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4779351055622101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.4519786238670349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3221118748188019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1072228.1072269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072269","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1072228.1072269","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419219","display_name":"International Conference on Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"1525-2477","issn":["1525-2477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.4.4854","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.4.4854","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/C/C02/C02-1041.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1072228.1072269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072269","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1072228.1072269","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419219","display_name":"International Conference on Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"1525-2477","issn":["1525-2477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003298151.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003298151.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511749302","https://openalex.org/W1997841190","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2098162425","https://openalex.org/W2120513984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490382616","https://openalex.org/W695317","https://openalex.org/W2147764898","https://openalex.org/W2408412675","https://openalex.org/W3544578","https://openalex.org/W4391980030","https://openalex.org/W7095259744","https://openalex.org/W5021105","https://openalex.org/W3168699076","https://openalex.org/W7098187882"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,64,75,86,109,115,130],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,66,71,119],"real":[5],"application":[6],"domains":[7],"for":[8,16],"NLP":[9,30],"systems,":[10],"there":[11],"is":[12],"a":[13,17,33,68],"genuine":[14],"demand":[15],"general":[18],"toolkit":[19,34,76],"from":[20],"which":[21],"programmers":[22,53],"with":[23],"no":[24],"linguistic":[25],"knowledge":[26],"can":[27,125],"build":[28],"specific":[29],"systems.":[31],"Such":[32],"should":[35],"provide":[36],"an":[37],"interface":[38],"to":[39,51,54,57,62,84,129],"accept":[40],"sample":[41],"sentences":[42],"and":[43,102,105,117,122],"convert":[44],"them":[45,56],"into":[46,88],"semantic":[47,72,82,97],"representations":[48],"so":[49],"as":[50],"allow":[52],"map":[55],"domain":[58,132],"actions.":[59],"In":[60,91],"order":[61],"reduce":[63],"workload":[65],"managing":[67],"large":[69],"number":[70],"forms":[73,87],"individually,":[74],"will":[77],"perform":[78],"what":[79],"we":[80,94],"call":[81],"grouping":[83,98],"organize":[85],"meaningful":[89],"groups.":[90],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"present":[95],"three":[96],"methods:":[99],"similarity-based,":[100],"verb-based":[101],"category-based":[103],"grouping,":[104],"their":[106],"implementation":[107],"in":[108],"SLUI":[110],"toolkit.":[111],"We":[112],"also":[113],"discuss":[114],"pros":[116],"cons":[118],"each":[120],"method":[121],"how":[123],"they":[124],"be":[126],"utilized":[127],"according":[128],"different":[131],"needs.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-18T09:31:52.927876","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
