{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003289886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2204065","title":"The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding: Less Is More","display_name":"The WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding: Less Is More","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003289886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2204065","mag":"2003289886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2204065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2204065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2204065","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/037703CC2300A3280FC6D3028B706B29/S0002930000074637a.pdf/div-class-title-the-wto-dispute-settlement-understanding-less-is-more-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160097506","display_name":"American Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0002-9300","issn":["0002-9300","2161-7953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/037703CC2300A3280FC6D3028B706B29/S0002930000074637a.pdf/div-class-title-the-wto-dispute-settlement-understanding-less-is-more-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066591490","display_name":"Judith Hippler Bello","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Judith Hippler Bello","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066591490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3446,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":173,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96429328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"90","issue":"3","first_page":"416","last_page":"418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12040","display_name":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wto-dispute-settlement-understanding","display_name":"WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wto-dispute-settlement","display_name":"WTO dispute settlement","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gatt-dispute-settlement","display_name":"GATT dispute settlement","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-liberalization","display_name":"trade liberalization","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-nationalism","display_name":"economic nationalism","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-sovereignty","display_name":"economic sovereignty","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-trade-policy","display_name":"environmental trade policy","score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-trade-policy","display_name":"United States trade policy","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.7053711414337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6238191723823547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4868320822715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4632471799850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.45349133014678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.44668492674827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3966500163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1768682599067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.04316696524620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.04065313935279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2204065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2204065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2204065","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/037703CC2300A3280FC6D3028B706B29/S0002930000074637a.pdf/div-class-title-the-wto-dispute-settlement-understanding-less-is-more-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160097506","display_name":"American Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0002-9300","issn":["0002-9300","2161-7953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2204065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2204065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2204065","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/037703CC2300A3280FC6D3028B706B29/S0002930000074637a.pdf/div-class-title-the-wto-dispute-settlement-understanding-less-is-more-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160097506","display_name":"American Journal of International Law","issn_l":"0002-9300","issn":["0002-9300","2161-7953"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of International Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003289886.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003289886.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244437449","https://openalex.org/W565232175","https://openalex.org/W361110001","https://openalex.org/W2053169684","https://openalex.org/W307740446","https://openalex.org/W1568817917","https://openalex.org/W44445686","https://openalex.org/W2337512096","https://openalex.org/W2066181013","https://openalex.org/W2803664301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Agreement":[1,20],"Establishing":[2],"the":[3,13,17,34,50,69,87,123,131,145,247,266,289,306,332,347,358,361,368,381,402,408,416],"World":[4],"Trade":[5,24,149],"Organization":[6],"(WTO":[7],"Agreement)":[8],"dramatically":[9,51],"expands":[10],"and":[11,23,31,60,158,228,252,271,278,316,350,380],"improves":[12],"trade":[14,40,165],"rules":[15,73,110,270,399,404,410],"of":[16,39,86,217,268,282,292,298,322,329,360,367,395],"predecessor":[18],"General":[19],"on":[21,250,311,314,335],"Tariffs":[22],"(GATT),":[25],"thereby":[26],"facilitating":[27],"trade,":[28],"economic":[29,94,376],"growth":[30],"jobs":[32],"in":[33,48,83,102,139,142,152,327,378,391,415],"increasingly":[35],"interdependent":[36],"global":[37],"economy.Supporters":[38],"liberalization":[41,166],"generally":[42],"welcome":[43],"these":[44,210],"new":[45,70],"rules,":[46],"including":[47],"particular":[49],"improved":[52],"procedures":[53],"for":[54,111,122,125,164,181,205,346],"settling":[55],"disputes.1":[56],"However,":[57],"some":[58,90,175,206,321,386],"environmental":[59,179,208],"labor":[61],"groups":[62],"have":[63,80,104],"expressed":[64],"concerns":[65,79,383],"as":[66,203,337,339],"to":[67,144,191,220,232,273,363],"whether":[68,162],"dispute":[71,388,397],"settlement":[72,398],"subordinate":[74],"or":[75],"diminish":[76],"non-trade-policy":[77],"objectives.These":[78],"echoed":[81],"loudly":[82],"sound-bite":[84],"denunciations":[85],"WTO":[88,409],"by":[89,108,118,136,375],"American":[91,147],"politicians":[92],"advocating":[93],"nationalism.Some":[95],"claim":[96],"that":[97,113,189,213,223,236,262,405],"faceless,":[98],"unelected,":[99],"unaccountable":[100],"bureaucrats":[101],"Geneva":[103],"usurped":[105],"U.S.":[106,193,207,214,229],"sovereignty":[107],"writing":[109],"Americans":[112],"should":[114],"be":[115,197],"determined":[116],"only":[117],"Americans.In":[119],"his":[120,140],"campaign":[121],"presidency,":[124],"example,":[126,182],"Patrick":[127],"Buchanan":[128],"took":[129],"up":[130],"chorus":[132],"most":[133],"recendy":[134],"popularized":[135],"Ross":[137],"Perot":[138],"opposition":[141],"1992":[143],"North":[146],"Free":[148],"Agreement.Buchanan's":[150],"success":[151],"early":[153],"primaries":[154],"provoked":[155,351],"numerous":[156],"polls":[157],"extensive":[159],"commentary":[160],"analyzing":[161],"support":[163,171],"had":[167,343],"diminished.In":[168],"fact,":[169],"such":[170,241,302],"has":[172],"diminished":[173],"among":[174,354],"key":[176],"constituencies.2":[177],"Many":[178],"groups,":[180],"were":[183,276],"aghast":[184],"when":[185],"GATT":[186,201,248,258,269,283,333,362,387,403],"panels":[187,211,284],"ruled":[188,212],"access":[190],"die":[192,355],"market":[194],"could":[195],"not":[196,238,254,310,371,413],"used":[198],"consistendy":[199],"with":[200,246],"obligations":[202,330],"leverage":[204],"objectives.Specifically,":[209],"primary":[215,242],"boycotts":[216,231],"tuna":[218],"imports":[219,297,326],"punish":[221,233],"countries":[222,235],"use":[224],"porpoise-unfriendly":[225],"fishing":[226],"mediods,":[227],"secondary":[230],"third":[234],"do":[237],"likewise":[239],"employ":[240],"boycotts,":[243],"are":[244,253,411],"inconsistent":[245],"prohibition":[249],"embargoes":[251],"justified":[255],"under":[256,331],"limited":[257],"exceptions.Another":[259],"powerful":[260],"constituency":[261],"grew":[263],"concerned":[264,349],"about":[265,288,357],"application":[267,359],"rulings":[272,342,390],"their":[274],"interests":[275],"state":[277,315],"local":[279,317],"governments.A":[280],"series":[281],"examined":[285],"several":[286,293],"complaints":[287],"tax":[290,319],"measures":[291],"contracting":[294],"parties":[295],"affecting":[296],"alcoholic":[299],"beverages.Canada":[300],"filed":[301],"a":[303,393],"complaint":[304],"against":[305,325],"United":[307],"States":[308],"focused":[309],"federal,":[312],"but":[313],"government":[318],"measures,":[320],"which":[323],"discriminated":[324],"contravention":[328],"binding":[334],"subfederal":[336,364],"well":[338],"federal":[340],"authorities.These":[341],"revenue":[344],"implications":[345],"states":[348,356],"widespread":[352],"concern":[353],"governments.In":[365],"view":[366],"heat,":[369],"if":[370],"light,":[372],"being":[373],"generated":[374],"nationalists":[377],"general,":[379],"specific":[382],"resulting":[384],"from":[385],"setdement":[389],"particular,":[392],"review":[394],"WTO/GATT":[396],"is":[400],"overdue.Like":[401],"preceded":[406],"them,":[407],"simply":[412],"\"binding\"":[414],"traditional":[417]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
