{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003239122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","title":"Analysing post-apartheid gender and racial transformation in medical education in a South African province","display_name":"Analysing post-apartheid gender and racial transformation in medical education in a South African province","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003239122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","mag":"2003239122","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23364091","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3556715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105066276","display_name":"Global Health Action","issn_l":"1654-9716","issn":["1654-9716","1654-9880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Action","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081072018","display_name":"Taskeen Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1676-4895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1676-4895"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799742747","display_name":"Johannesburg Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/047x96110","country_code":"ZA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799742747"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taskeen Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gauteng Health Department, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , Johannesburg, South Africa","School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gauteng Health Department, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799742747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023872325","display_name":"Leena Susan Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-5569","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-5569"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leena S. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gauteng Health Department, Ekurhuleni , Gauteng, South Africa","School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gauteng Health Department, Ekurhuleni , Gauteng, South Africa","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113508948","display_name":"Shan Naidoo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799742747","display_name":"Johannesburg Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/047x96110","country_code":"ZA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799742747"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan Naidoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gauteng Health Department, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , Johannesburg, South Africa","School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gauteng Health Department, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799742747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081072018"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145","https://openalex.org/I2799742747"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1509},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1509},"fwci":6.2873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9559845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"19810","last_page":"19810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12413","display_name":"Health and Medical Education","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-apartheid-south-africa","display_name":"post-apartheid South Africa","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-school-admissions","display_name":"medical school admissions","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-school-graduation","display_name":"medical school graduation","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historically-black-medical-schools","display_name":"historically Black medical schools","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-medical-education","display_name":"access to medical education","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauteng","display_name":"Gauteng","score":0.7279999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019281177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771405","display_name":"South asia","level":2,"score":0.5086782574653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.4250737726688385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4081675708293915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.37137171626091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.36232954263687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.33964666724205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3359884023666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.26806703209877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.13139140605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004501","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013019","descriptor_name":"South Africa","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013337","descriptor_name":"Students, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054625","descriptor_name":"Healthcare Disparities","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105066276","display_name":"Global Health Action","issn_l":"1654-9716","issn":["1654-9716","1654-9880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Action","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2554939","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3556715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3556715","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3556715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Glob Health Action","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:23364091","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23364091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global health action","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:79ce42a6e4a14500a45003afffab19d3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/79ce42a6e4a14500a45003afffab19d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Action, Vol 6, Iss 0, Pp 75-81 (2013)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19810?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105066276","display_name":"Global Health Action","issn_l":"1654-9716","issn":["1654-9716","1654-9880"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Action","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"score":0.5385000109672546,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.504800021648407,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324072","display_name":"Commission on Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04s346m05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2003239122.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W204084947","https://openalex.org/W1531597383","https://openalex.org/W1596567783","https://openalex.org/W1912837288","https://openalex.org/W1947517976","https://openalex.org/W1968804217","https://openalex.org/W1981665776","https://openalex.org/W2003239122","https://openalex.org/W2034004212","https://openalex.org/W2060918748","https://openalex.org/W2117056991","https://openalex.org/W2133124313","https://openalex.org/W2142534753","https://openalex.org/W2145642289","https://openalex.org/W2412360500","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387311390","https://openalex.org/W3138891573","https://openalex.org/W7166803021","https://openalex.org/W2327590116","https://openalex.org/W7110275158","https://openalex.org/W252445138","https://openalex.org/W2413438847","https://openalex.org/W2943073701","https://openalex.org/W2604052752","https://openalex.org/W3003224975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"In":[1,78,182,228],"light":[2],"of":[3,9,23,26,69,75,105,137,166,177,194,240,254,278],"global":[4],"concerns":[5],"about":[6],"insufficient":[7],"numbers":[8],"doctors,":[10],"midwives,":[11],"and":[12,32,39,62,66,84,93,121,126,134,141,148,163,169,187,244,252,258,274,280,291],"nurses,":[13],"the":[14,21,24,64,76,102,124,130,161,174,178,195,200,231,250,297],"World":[15],"Health":[16,125],"Organization":[17],"(WHO)":[18],"has":[19,156,260,267],"identified":[20],"scale-up":[22],"production":[25],"medical":[27,47,60,70,118,167,197,218,234,256],"professionals":[28],"who":[29],"are":[30,284,293],"competent":[31],"responsive":[33],"to":[34,52,59,72,88,146,286],"community":[35],"needs":[36],"as":[37,91,224],"urgent":[38],"necessary.":[40],"Coincident":[41],"with":[42,86,173,270,296],"this":[43,79],"imperative,":[44],"South":[45,106,179,298],"African":[46,180,185,211,299],"schools":[48,198],"have":[49],"also":[50,261],"had":[51],"consider":[53],"redressing":[54,271],"apartheid-era":[55],"inequities":[56,275],"in":[57,101,159,171,192,199,209,216,242,246,276,294],"access":[58],"education":[61],"changing":[63],"racial":[65],"gender":[67,164],"profile":[68],"graduates":[71,188,259],"be":[73],"representative":[74],"population.":[77],"article,":[80],"we":[81],"explore":[82],"progress":[83,158,269],"challenges":[85],"regard":[87],"transformation,":[89],"defined":[90],"intentional":[92],"planned":[94],"changes":[95],"aimed":[96],"at":[97,230],"addressing":[98],"historical":[99,272],"disadvantages,":[100],"Gauteng":[103,201],"Province":[104],"Africa.":[107],"METHODS:":[108],"A":[109],"cross-sectional,":[110],"descriptive":[111],"analysis":[112],"was":[113,214,221],"conducted":[114],"using":[115],"data":[116],"on":[117],"school":[119,219],"admissions":[120],"graduations":[122,292],"from":[123],"Education":[127],"Departments":[128],"for":[129],"period":[131],"1999-2011.":[132],"Admission":[133],"graduation":[135],"statistics":[136],"1999,":[138,183,249],"2005,":[139],"2008,":[140],"2011":[142],"were":[143,189],"analysed":[144],"according":[145],"race":[147,162,279],"gender.":[149],"RESULTS:":[150],"The":[151],"results":[152],"show":[153],"that":[154,220,288],"there":[155,266],"been":[157,268],"transforming":[160],"composition":[165],"students":[168],"graduates,":[170],"line":[172,295],"transformation":[175],"strategies":[176],"government.":[181],"black":[184,210,233],"enrolments":[186,213,241,257],"conspicuously":[190],"low":[191],"two":[193],"three":[196],"province.":[202],"By":[203],"2011,":[204],"an":[205],"almost":[206],"six-fold":[207],"increase":[208],"student":[212,289],"seen":[215],"one":[217],"previously":[222],"designated":[223],"a":[225],"white":[226],"institution.":[227],"contrast,":[229],"historically":[232],"school,":[235],"whites":[236],"only":[237],"represented":[238],"0.40%":[239],"1999":[243],"7.4%":[245],"2011.":[247],"Since":[248],"number":[251],"proportion":[253],"female":[255],"increased":[262],"substantially.":[263],"CONCLUSION:":[264],"While":[265],"disparities":[273],"terms":[277],"gender,":[281],"further":[282],"efforts":[283],"needed":[285],"ensure":[287],"intakes":[290],"population":[300],"profile.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}