{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003186383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.557339","title":"What to Do About Zero Frequency Cells When Estimating Polychoric Correlations","display_name":"What to Do About Zero Frequency Cells When Estimating Polychoric Correlations","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003186383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.557339","mag":"2003186383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10705511.2011.557339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.557339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.557339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78020522","display_name":"Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal","issn_l":"1070-5511","issn":["1070-5511","1532-8007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055786394","display_name":"Victoria Savalei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-3251","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-3251"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Savalei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055786394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7376,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86017656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"253","last_page":"273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10968","display_name":"Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polychoric-correlation","display_name":"polychoric correlation","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingency-tables","display_name":"contingency tables","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-sample-size","display_name":"small sample size","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-data","display_name":"binary data","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ordinal-data","display_name":"ordinal data","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold","display_name":"threshold","score":0.5929999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7733816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7226213","display_name":"Polychoric correlation","level":3,"score":0.9540051817893982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91998498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541178","display_name":"Contingency table","level":2,"score":0.8509576320648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.8039454221725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.7170803546905518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6639226675033569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6518229246139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5233007073402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.494342565536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.4855198860168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4388161897659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.421555757522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.14391958713531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.06876283884048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10705511.2011.557339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.557339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.557339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78020522","display_name":"Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal","issn_l":"1070-5511","issn":["1070-5511","1532-8007"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974134238","https://openalex.org/W1974874432","https://openalex.org/W1996467017","https://openalex.org/W1996634610","https://openalex.org/W1998311048","https://openalex.org/W2017028228","https://openalex.org/W2019837960","https://openalex.org/W2026618249","https://openalex.org/W2030482001","https://openalex.org/W2035248295","https://openalex.org/W2037357237","https://openalex.org/W2049333344","https://openalex.org/W2059055839","https://openalex.org/W2076983043","https://openalex.org/W2101928545","https://openalex.org/W2141772405","https://openalex.org/W2144080591","https://openalex.org/W2157703634","https://openalex.org/W2727541755","https://openalex.org/W2784954700","https://openalex.org/W2799873608","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299927410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384283000","https://openalex.org/W7130697060","https://openalex.org/W4390980211","https://openalex.org/W4409087100","https://openalex.org/W4388257462","https://openalex.org/W2492449739","https://openalex.org/W3035006022","https://openalex.org/W3160842129","https://openalex.org/W2800398761","https://openalex.org/W2127914650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Categorical":[0],"structural":[1],"equation":[2],"modeling":[3],"(SEM)":[4],"methods":[5,140],"that":[6,137],"fit":[7],"the":[8,18,44,47,62,67,78,83,114,138,154,166],"model":[9],"to":[10,36,61,112,171],"estimated":[11],"polychoric":[12,48],"correlations":[13,49],"have":[14,147],"become":[15],"popular":[16],"in":[17,26,31,77,93,108],"social":[19],"sciences.":[20],"When":[21],"population":[22],"thresholds":[23,162],"are":[24,34,132,163],"high":[25],"absolute":[27],"value,":[28],"contingency":[29,87],"tables":[30,88],"small":[32,94],"samples":[33,95],"likely":[35],"contain":[37],"zero":[38,63,90,144],"frequency":[39,64,84,145],"cells.":[40,65],"Such":[41],"cells":[42,91,146],"make":[43],"estimation":[45],"of":[46,69,126,141,156,181],"more":[50],"difficult.":[51],"Some":[52],"SEM":[53],"programs":[54],"use":[55],"solutions":[56],"such":[57],"as":[58,117],"adding":[59,105,157],".5":[60,106,158],"However,":[66],"adequacy":[68],"this":[70,81],"solution":[71],"has":[72],"never":[73],"been":[74],"systematically":[75],"explored":[76,101],"literature.":[79],"In":[80],"article,":[82],"with":[85,89,143],"which":[86],"occur":[92],"is":[96,100,107,159,169,176],"explored.":[97],"Second,":[98],"it":[99],"whether":[102],"or":[103],"not":[104],"any":[109],"way":[110],"preferable":[111],"leaving":[113],"cell":[115],"value":[116],"zero.":[118],"Binary":[119],"and":[120,123,129,165],"3-category":[121],"data":[122],"a":[124],"variety":[125],"threshold":[127],"values":[128,131],"correlation":[130,168],"considered.":[133],"The":[134],"findings":[135],"suggest":[136],"two":[139],"dealing":[142],"quite":[148],"different":[149],"properties.":[150],"With":[151],"binary":[152],"data,":[153],"method":[155],"recommended,":[160],"unless":[161],"opposite-signed":[164],"underlying":[167],"suspected":[170],"be":[172],"large.":[173],"No":[174],"adjustment":[175],"recommended":[177],"for":[178],"greater":[179],"numbers":[180],"categories.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}