{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003157437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.397746","title":"Multiplanar liquid crystal volumetric 3D displays","display_name":"Multiplanar liquid crystal volumetric 3D displays","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003157437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.397746","mag":"2003157437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.397746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.397746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.397746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079709219","display_name":"Tin M. Aye","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135612","display_name":"Physical Optics Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/037pmhh38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tin M. Aye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Optics Corp. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Optics Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067359433","display_name":"Norbert Fruehauf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8118-8990","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8118-8990"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norbert Fruehauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Optics Corp. (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Optics Corp. (Germany)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103834539","display_name":"Mingjun M. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0405-7154","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0405-7154"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135612","display_name":"Physical Optics Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/037pmhh38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjun M. Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Optics Corp. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Optics Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103471820","display_name":"Kevin H. Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9186-7584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9186-7584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135612","display_name":"Physical Optics Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/037pmhh38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Optics Corp. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Optics Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109173825","display_name":"Yunlu Zou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135612","display_name":"Physical Optics Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/037pmhh38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlu Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Optics Corp. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Optics Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080852959","display_name":"Gajendra D. Savant","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135612","display_name":"Physical Optics Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/037pmhh38","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gajendra D. Savant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Optics Corp. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Optics Corp. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135612"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.944,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83298969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"4022","issue":null,"first_page":"196","last_page":"202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volumetric-3d-display","display_name":"volumetric 3D display","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-light-modulator","display_name":"spatial light modulator","score":0.8069999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780565730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275430","display_name":"Diffuser (optics)","level":3,"score":0.9002360701560974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187590223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527628","display_name":"Holography","level":2,"score":0.6749076843261719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.6257555484771729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6189221143722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5622046589851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13274807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203989","display_name":"Liquid crystal","level":2,"score":0.5092476606369019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.4627431035041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4534752666950226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44922935962677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777903624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477653","display_name":"Spatial light modulator","level":2,"score":0.44639432430267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4461734890937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.41469377279281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109034871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949326","display_name":"Refresh rate","level":2,"score":0.4143662452697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2580244541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982854487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9128","display_name":"Light source","level":2,"score":0.20530492067337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12565144896507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.397746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.397746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.397746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084980182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385893501","https://openalex.org/W2791894405","https://openalex.org/W2003073888","https://openalex.org/W4413468309","https://openalex.org/W2064321581","https://openalex.org/W2619991358","https://openalex.org/W2083808600","https://openalex.org/W3170157741","https://openalex.org/W2065892360","https://openalex.org/W2308848527"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Volumetric":[0],"3-D":[1,31],"displays":[2],"proposed":[3],"and":[4,14,79],"demonstrated":[5],"in":[6,12,19],"the":[7,24],"past":[8],"have":[9,72],"been":[10],"low":[11],"resolution":[13],"refresh":[15],"rate,":[16],"but":[17],"not":[18],"cost.":[20],"This":[21],"paper":[22],"describes":[23],"development":[25],"of":[26,65],"an":[27],"electro-optic":[28],"multiplanar":[29,82],"volumetric":[30,83],"display":[32,86],"(without":[33],"moving":[34],"parts)":[35],"based":[36],"on":[37],"unique":[38],"liquid":[39],"crystal":[40],"(LC)":[41],"switchable":[42,48,69],"light":[43,98],"diffusion":[44,77],"panels.":[45],"These":[46],"LC":[47,68],"diffuser":[49],"panels":[50],"are":[51],"produced":[52],"by":[53],"our":[54],"proprietary":[55],"holographic":[56],"Light":[57],"Shaping":[58],"Diffuser":[59],"fabrication":[60],"process.":[61],"Using":[62],"a":[63,81,94],"stack":[64],"closely":[66],"spaced":[67],"diffusers,":[70],"which":[71],"shown":[73],"excellent":[74],"switching":[75],"speed,":[76],"efficiency,":[78],"clarity,":[80],"3-":[84],"D":[85],"was":[87],"demonstrated,":[88],"projecting":[89],"full-color":[90],"2-D":[91],"images":[92],"from":[93],"high":[95],"speed":[96],"spatial":[97],"modulator.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}