{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003129342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1998251","title":"MO-D-I-611-07: The Influence of Bowtie Filters On X-Ray CT Signals","display_name":"MO-D-I-611-07: The Influence of Bowtie Filters On X-Ray CT Signals","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003129342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1998251","mag":"2003129342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.1998251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1998251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1998251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087321413","display_name":"Bruce R. Whiting","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B Whiting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Saint Louis, MO","Washington University, St Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Saint Louis, MO","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University, St Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054819829","display_name":"Parinaz Massoumzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-7273","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-7273"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Massoumzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Saint Louis, MO","Washington University, St Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Saint Louis, MO","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University, St Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044333105","display_name":"Joseph A. O\u2019Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-4876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-4876"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J O\u201dSullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Saint Louis, MO","Washington University, St Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Saint Louis, MO","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University, St Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111749958","display_name":"Donald L. Snyder","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Snyder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Saint Louis, MO","Washington University, St Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mallinckrodt Inst of Radiology, Saint Louis, MO","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University, St Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032752677","display_name":"Jeffrey F. Williamson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-2436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-2436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Williamson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72661428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"6Part14","first_page":"2056","last_page":"2056"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bowtie-filter","display_name":"bowtie filter","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-ct","display_name":"X-ray CT","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-dose-reduction","display_name":"radiation dose reduction","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-energy","display_name":"effective energy","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-order-statistics","display_name":"second-order statistics","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-noise","display_name":"image noise","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-integrating-detector","display_name":"energy-integrating detector","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fan-beam","display_name":"fan beam","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"image quality","score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector-calibration","display_name":"detector calibration","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181401712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6085394","display_name":"Isocenter","level":3,"score":0.6621526479721069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.6127417683601379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19609008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138203","display_name":"Region of interest","level":2,"score":0.5897950530052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5673748850822449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.5639612674713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5589564442634583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5447834134101868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5083188414573669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.49000826478004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.48791953921318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150627866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076893","display_name":"Field of view","level":2,"score":0.47232764959335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.44047677516937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4319304823875427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4313219487667084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.41729143261909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.3902382254600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27025502920150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23343166708946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.22553786635398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.1924450695514679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.146489679813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.13461264967918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11887827515602112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.1998251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1998251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1998251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006392344","https://openalex.org/W2178813949","https://openalex.org/W2063943881","https://openalex.org/W1992164443","https://openalex.org/W2000433865","https://openalex.org/W4296252814","https://openalex.org/W2058362817","https://openalex.org/W2575143526","https://openalex.org/W1987530469","https://openalex.org/W2968223529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"Bowtie":[1],"filters":[2,73,257,275],"are":[3,56,233,258],"commonly":[4],"employed":[5],"in":[6,20,60,81,202,215,229,251,286],"CT":[7,63,140,277],"scanners":[8],"to":[9,96,101,125,150,158,176,199],"minimize":[10],"radiation":[11],"dose":[12,145,162,250],"by":[13],"reducing":[14,249],"intensity":[15,172],"variations":[16],"across":[17,46],"detector":[18],"elements":[19],"the":[21,47,69,130,195,203,206,235,290],"presence":[22],"of":[23,31,51,62,71,129,166,180,194,205,211,219,237,264,273,289],"patient":[24,141,265],"anatomy.":[25],"This":[26,154],"filtration":[27],"modifies":[28],"a":[29,110,160,177,186,216],"number":[30],"x-ray":[32,93],"beam":[33,49,107],"properties":[34],"(effective":[35],"energy,":[36],"flux,":[37],"first":[38],"and":[39,77,85,106,138,281],"second":[40,230],"order":[41,231],"statistics),":[42],"making":[43],"them":[44],"non-uniform":[45],"fan":[48,131],"field":[50],"view.":[52],"Because":[53],"these":[54],"phenomena":[55],"not":[57],"usually":[58],"included":[59],"analysis":[61],"performance,":[64],"this":[65],"presentation":[66],"will":[67],"quantify":[68],"influence":[70],"bowtie":[72,97,135,196,256,274],"on":[74,276],"sinogram":[75],"measurements":[76,115],"demonstrate":[78],"their":[79],"effect":[80,193],"reconstructed":[82],"images.":[83],"Method":[84],"Materials:":[86],"A":[87,209],"model":[88],"developed":[89],"for":[90,109,285],"energy":[91,213],"integrating":[92],"detectors,":[94],"extended":[95],"filters,":[98],"was":[99,156],"used":[100,157],"compute":[102],"signal":[103],"means,":[104],"variances,":[105],"quality":[108,247],"realistic":[111],"scanner":[112],"configuration.":[113],"Experimental":[114],"were":[116,148],"acquired":[117],"with":[118,267],"cylinder":[119],"phantoms":[120],"located":[121],"off-isocenter,":[122],"allowing":[123],"objects":[124],"sample":[126],"different":[127],"portions":[128],"beam.":[132],"Using":[133],"measured":[134],"filter":[136,197],"profiles":[137],"clinical":[139],"scan":[142],"data,":[143],"simulated":[144],"reduction":[146,163,263],"images":[147],"generated":[149],"show":[151],"visual":[152],"effects.":[153],"approach":[155],"study":[159],"novel":[161],"method,":[164],"region":[165],"interest":[167,181],"(ROI)":[168],"scanning,":[169],"wherein":[170],"full":[171],"is":[173,198,279],"applied":[174],"only":[175],"local":[178,245],"volume":[179],"while":[182,248],"surrounding":[183,252],"tissue":[184],"receives":[185],"significantly":[187],"lower":[188],"dose.":[189],"Results:":[190],"The":[191,271],"dominant":[192],"increase":[200],"noise":[201],"periphery":[204],"image":[207,246,269],"field.":[208],"variation":[210],"effective":[212],"results":[214],"small":[217],"amount":[218],"nonlinearity,":[220],"which":[221],"can":[222],"be":[223,283],"effectively":[224],"corrected":[225],"through":[226],"calibration.":[227],"Differences":[228],"statistics":[232],"at":[234],"threshold":[236],"observer":[238],"detection.":[239],"ROI":[240],"scanning":[241,291],"achieves":[242],"very":[243],"good":[244],"tissue.":[253],"Conclusion:":[254],"When":[255],"properly":[259],"implemented,":[260],"they":[261],"provide":[262],"exposure":[266],"minimal":[268],"degradation.":[270],"impact":[272],"signals":[278],"significant":[280],"must":[282],"accounted":[284],"accurate":[287],"modeling":[288],"process.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}