{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002899111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1992.9981994","title":"Gender, education, and fertility: A cross\u2010national analysis of sub\u2010Saharan African nations","display_name":"Gender, education, and fertility: A cross\u2010national analysis of sub\u2010Saharan African nations","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002899111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1992.9981994","mag":"2002899111","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12285864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02732173.1992.9981994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1992.9981994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1992.9981994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4138479","display_name":"Sociological Spectrum","issn_l":"0273-2173","issn":["0273-2173","1521-0707"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sociological Spectrum","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081416408","display_name":"Donald J. Adamchak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald J. Adamchak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansas State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086901985","display_name":"Peggy Gabo Ntseane","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090526","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/00fyzzw59","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090526"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peggy Gabo Ntseane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21462963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"167","last_page":"182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12728","display_name":"Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12728","display_name":"Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.2667999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10600","display_name":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","score":0.03440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-and-fertility","display_name":"education and fertility","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences-in-fertility","display_name":"gender differences in fertility","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-fertility-rate","display_name":"total fertility rate","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-school-enrollment","display_name":"primary school enrollment","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-enrollment","display_name":"secondary school enrollment","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-transition","display_name":"demographic transition","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-economic-development","display_name":"socio-economic development","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-energy-consumption","display_name":"per capita energy consumption","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-labor-force","display_name":"agricultural labor force","score":0.8899999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.8856655359268188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7369598150253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.717577338218689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47122089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285897","display_name":"Total fertility rate","level":5,"score":0.7089071273803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.6098713874816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5419275760650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143845886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381763","display_name":"Demographic transition","level":4,"score":0.5126713514328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77352025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386191","display_name":"Population growth","level":3,"score":0.4265987277030945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4152003228664398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.41392406821250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.40587618947029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29816800355911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.24844980239868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779076696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280670","display_name":"Family planning","level":4,"score":0.21372264623641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986817661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185698","display_name":"Research methodology","level":3,"score":0.10567793250083923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000349","descriptor_name":"Africa","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001723","descriptor_name":"Birth Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003247","descriptor_name":"Conservation of Natural Resources","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004467","descriptor_name":"Economics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004493","descriptor_name":"Education","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004522","descriptor_name":"Educational Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004777","descriptor_name":"Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005298","descriptor_name":"Fertility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006280","descriptor_name":"Health Workforce","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011154","descriptor_name":"Population Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011157","descriptor_name":"Population Dynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012574","descriptor_name":"Schools","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012922","descriptor_name":"Social Change","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012923","descriptor_name":"Social Class","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012939","descriptor_name":"Social Planning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013334","descriptor_name":"Students","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017954","descriptor_name":"Africa South of the Sahara","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02732173.1992.9981994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1992.9981994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1992.9981994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4138479","display_name":"Sociological Spectrum","issn_l":"0273-2173","issn":["0273-2173","1521-0707"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sociological Spectrum","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12285864","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12285864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sociological spectrum : the official journal of the Mid-South Sociological Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.6025999784469604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"},{"score":0.5385000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595886575","https://openalex.org/W1585169884","https://openalex.org/W1970275543","https://openalex.org/W1974308719","https://openalex.org/W1979682263","https://openalex.org/W1997878920","https://openalex.org/W2001754287","https://openalex.org/W2003473483","https://openalex.org/W2031236773","https://openalex.org/W2033991364","https://openalex.org/W2045834312","https://openalex.org/W2049771121","https://openalex.org/W2051774250","https://openalex.org/W2072437254","https://openalex.org/W2075604243","https://openalex.org/W2084759507","https://openalex.org/W2161826494","https://openalex.org/W2240661137","https://openalex.org/W2275692837","https://openalex.org/W2296932984","https://openalex.org/W2312857438","https://openalex.org/W2313606800","https://openalex.org/W2313713605","https://openalex.org/W2315158751","https://openalex.org/W2327544864","https://openalex.org/W2333715794","https://openalex.org/W2334016412","https://openalex.org/W2346554090","https://openalex.org/W2667081856","https://openalex.org/W4206002932","https://openalex.org/W4234543234","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301887644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116703154","https://openalex.org/W7096608709","https://openalex.org/W4297852898","https://openalex.org/W6997402861","https://openalex.org/W2495215396","https://openalex.org/W3125551882","https://openalex.org/W29446898","https://openalex.org/W7113654609","https://openalex.org/W2612092872","https://openalex.org/W2144489347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1],"the":[2,7,29,38,66,96,133,154,172],"demographic":[3],"transition":[4],"theory":[5],"and":[6,86,100,104,118,123,129,148],"wealth":[8],"flows":[9],"model,":[10],"it":[11],"is":[12],"expected":[13],"that":[14,55,112],"fertility":[15,59,101,135,156,174],"will":[16],"decline":[17],"with":[18,31,132,153],"socioeconomic":[19,77],"development,":[20],"manifested":[21],"in":[22,37,48,65,91,106,116,143,164],"part":[23],"through":[24],"increasingly":[25],"greater":[26],"proportions":[27],"of":[28,58,69,72,88],"population":[30,70],"formal":[32],"education.":[33],"Since":[34],"their":[35],"independence":[36],"1960s,":[39],"most":[40],"sub-Saharan":[41,108],"African":[42],"nations":[43],"have":[44],"experienced":[45],"rapid":[46],"changes":[47],"educational":[49],"levels.":[50],"However,":[51,158],"recent":[52],"estimates":[53],"indicate":[54,111],"high":[56,67],"levels":[57],"are":[60,180],"being":[61],"maintained":[62],"as":[63,79],"reflected":[64],"rates":[68],"increase":[71],"approximately":[73],"3%/year.":[74],"Controlling":[75],"for":[76,102,120,145,162],"development":[78],"measured":[80],"by":[81],"per":[82],"capita":[83],"energy":[84],"consumption":[85],"percentage":[87],"labor":[89],"force":[90],"agriculture,":[92],"this":[93],"article":[94],"examines":[95],"relationship":[97,131],"between":[98],"education":[99],"men":[103],"women":[105],"37":[107],"nations.":[109],"Results":[110],"primary":[113],"school":[114,141,160],"enrollment":[115,142,161],"1960":[117,144],"1980":[119,165],"both":[121,146],"males":[122,147,163],"females":[124,149],"had":[125,150,166],"a":[126,167],"weak":[127,151],"negative":[128,169],"nonsignificant":[130],"total":[134,155,173],"rate":[136,175],"15-30":[137],"years":[138,177],"later.":[139,178],"Secondary":[140],"relationships":[152],"rate.":[157],"secondary":[159],"significant":[168],"effect":[170],"on":[171],"10-25":[176],"Implications":[179],"discussed.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}