{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002864259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","title":"Limitations to the Spacing Effect","display_name":"Limitations to the Spacing Effect","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002864259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","mag":"2002864259","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16302534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199869","display_name":"Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Experimentelle Psychologie)","issn_l":"0949-3964","issn":["0949-3964","1618-3169","2190-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319871","host_organization_name":"Hogrefe Verlag","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319871"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hogrefe Verlag"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051780305","display_name":"Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-5038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-5038"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","display_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/057w15z03","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030053570","display_name":"Remy M. J. P. Rikers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-1455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-1455"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","display_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/057w15z03","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Remy M. J. P. Rikers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033869597","display_name":"Henk G. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8706-0978","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8706-0978","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1187-2392"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","display_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/057w15z03","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henk G. Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0144,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71833094,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"4","first_page":"257","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13471","display_name":"Cognitive Functions and Memory","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacing-effect","display_name":"spacing effect","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-recall","display_name":"free recall","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-factor-model","display_name":"two-factor model","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-variation","display_name":"contextual variation","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incidental-learning","display_name":"incidental learning","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intentional-learning","display_name":"intentional learning","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-list-learning","display_name":"word list learning","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36668950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500279","display_name":"Free recall","level":3,"score":0.8994276523590088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.8153802156448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44777696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302270","display_name":"Recall test","level":4,"score":0.7075904011726379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.679343044757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.575415849685669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4987921714782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45826441049575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4197671115398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.36006152629852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20415928959846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0721873939037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011939","descriptor_name":"Mental Recall","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013028","descriptor_name":"Space Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199869","display_name":"Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Experimentelle Psychologie)","issn_l":"0949-3964","issn":["0949-3964","1618-3169","2190-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319871","host_organization_name":"Hogrefe Verlag","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319871"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hogrefe Verlag"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16302534","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16302534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Experimental psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.950.5460","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.950.5460","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Verkoeijen/publication/7465341_Limitations_to_the_spacing_effect_demonstration_of_an_inverted_u-shaped_relationship_between_interrepetition_spacing_and_free_recall/links/540d5c830cf2df04e7548ebd.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:eur:oai:pure.eur.nl:publications/b58e27a4-f335-4286-b2e4-dda03c97615c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/b58e27a4-f335-4286-b2e4-dda03c97615c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Experimental Psychology, 52(4), 257 - 263. Hogrefe Publishing","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.eur.nl:openaire_cris_publications/b58e27a4-f335-4286-b2e4-dda03c97615c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/epdf/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401266","display_name":"EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Verkoeijen, P, Rikers, R & Schmidt, H 2005, 'Limitations to the spacing effect: demonstration of an inverted u-shaped relationship between interrepetition spacing and free recall', Experimental Psychology, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.257","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1442714200","https://openalex.org/W1739779199","https://openalex.org/W1965218065","https://openalex.org/W1967813728","https://openalex.org/W1991562655","https://openalex.org/W1995730136","https://openalex.org/W1997355239","https://openalex.org/W1998598287","https://openalex.org/W2003788686","https://openalex.org/W2009858105","https://openalex.org/W2010310410","https://openalex.org/W2022026645","https://openalex.org/W2030034982","https://openalex.org/W2034704249","https://openalex.org/W2040591353","https://openalex.org/W2052236892","https://openalex.org/W2056068953","https://openalex.org/W2060543558","https://openalex.org/W2062450928","https://openalex.org/W2064023449","https://openalex.org/W2071951230","https://openalex.org/W2076275594","https://openalex.org/W2085098552","https://openalex.org/W2093542629","https://openalex.org/W2094144590","https://openalex.org/W2119335255","https://openalex.org/W2140557422","https://openalex.org/W2166170239","https://openalex.org/W2232925767","https://openalex.org/W2502894192","https://openalex.org/W3128452343","https://openalex.org/W4230421446","https://openalex.org/W4246672383","https://openalex.org/W6637775040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096403815","https://openalex.org/W1996399480","https://openalex.org/W2326884494","https://openalex.org/W2022026645","https://openalex.org/W1997355239","https://openalex.org/W4246672383","https://openalex.org/W2021620005","https://openalex.org/W2077251296","https://openalex.org/W2030704978","https://openalex.org/W2329059578"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109],"spacing":[1,21,121,163],"effect":[2,22],"refers":[3],"to":[4],"the":[5,14,20,75,124,128,136,159],"finding":[6],"that":[7,33,59],"memory":[8],"for":[9,132,148],"repeated":[10,90],"items":[11,89],"improves":[12],"when":[13],"interrepetition":[15,71,93,120,145],"interval":[16,146],"increases.":[17],"To":[18,73],"explain":[19],"in":[23,122,156,165],"free-recall":[24,107,138,166],"tasks,":[25],"a":[26,84,106,143],"two-factor":[27,160],"model":[28,57,161],"has":[29],"been":[30],"put":[31],"forward":[32],"combines":[34],"mechanisms":[35],"of":[36,55,62,88,158,162],"contextual":[37],"variability":[38],"and":[39,119,127],"study-phase":[40],"retrieval":[41],"(e.g.,":[42],"Raaijmakers,":[43],"2003;":[44],"Verkoeijen,":[45],"Rikers,":[46],"&":[47],"Schmidt,":[48],"2004).":[49],"An":[50],"important,":[51],"yet":[52],"untested,":[53],"implication":[54],"this":[56],"is":[58],"free":[60,117],"recall":[61,118],"repetitions":[63],"should":[64],"follow":[65],"an":[66,78,112],"inverted":[67,113],"u-shaped":[68,114],"relationship":[69,77,115],"with":[70],"spacing.":[72],"demonstrate":[74],"suggested":[76],"experiment":[79],"was":[80,140],"conducted.":[81],"Participants":[82],"studied":[83],"word":[85],"list,":[86],"consisting":[87],"at":[91,142],"different":[92],"intervals,":[94],"either":[95],"under":[96,99],"incidental":[97],"or":[98],"intentional":[100],"learn":[101],"instructions.":[102],"Subsequently,":[103],"participants":[104],"received":[105],"test.":[108],"results":[110],"revealed":[111],"between":[116],"both":[123],"incidental-learning":[125],"condition":[126],"intentional-learning":[129],"condition.":[130],"Moreover,":[131],"intentionally":[133],"learned":[134,150],"repetitions,":[135],"maximum":[137],"performance":[139],"located":[141],"longer":[144],"than":[147],"incidentally":[149],"repetitions.":[151],"These":[152],"findings":[153],"are":[154],"interpreted":[155],"terms":[157],"effects":[164],"tasks.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
