{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002792016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","title":"Bootstrap resampling: a powerful method of assessing confidence intervals for doses from experimental data","display_name":"Bootstrap resampling: a powerful method of assessing confidence intervals for doses from experimental data","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002792016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","mag":"2002792016","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10232818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20241394","display_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","issn_l":"0031-9155","issn":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052026623","display_name":"G Iwi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G Iwi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, UK","Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086118251","display_name":"R.K. Millard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R K Millard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113522134","display_name":"A. M. Palmer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A M Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106227909","display_name":"A. W. Preece","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5374-5773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5374-5773"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A W Preece","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046439297","display_name":"Margaret Saunders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4093-8610","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4093-8610"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Saunders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics Research Centre, Bristol Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4845,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80124272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"4","first_page":"N55","last_page":"N62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11395","display_name":"Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications","score":0.32589998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11395","display_name":"Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications","score":0.32589998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.32350000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.11159999668598175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrap-method","display_name":"bootstrapping","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-intervals","display_name":"confidence intervals","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-dosimetry","display_name":"radiation dosimetry","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/99mtc-dtpa","display_name":"99mTc-DTPA","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy","display_name":"pregnancy","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biokinetic-models","display_name":"biokinetic models","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-coefficients","display_name":"dose coefficients","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-analysis","display_name":"uncertainty analysis","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-analysis","display_name":"sensitivity analysis","score":0.6449999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150921843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170431","display_name":"Resampling","level":2,"score":0.7249619364738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.7160991430282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4640660881996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.45671382546424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4155697226524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40253108739852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.3982181251049042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.26131752133369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.08194857835769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008431","descriptor_name":"Maternal-Fetal Exchange","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013961","descriptor_name":"Thyroid Gland","qualifier_ui":"Q000528","qualifier_name":"radiation effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014018","descriptor_name":"Tissue Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016001","descriptor_name":"Confidence Intervals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20241394","display_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","issn_l":"0031-9155","issn":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10232818","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10232818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in medicine and biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20241394","display_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","issn_l":"0031-9155","issn":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physics in Medicine and Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4043000042438507,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320360","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2002792016.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2002792016.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981378854","https://openalex.org/W2034201980","https://openalex.org/W2053473965","https://openalex.org/W2059315460","https://openalex.org/W2066883557","https://openalex.org/W2075554791","https://openalex.org/W2112688502","https://openalex.org/W2164629208","https://openalex.org/W2170334309","https://openalex.org/W2289534699","https://openalex.org/W2319809864","https://openalex.org/W2328904886","https://openalex.org/W2338600918","https://openalex.org/W2525020762"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2978009286","https://openalex.org/W3032255914","https://openalex.org/W2777597753","https://openalex.org/W2056429091","https://openalex.org/W7097702258","https://openalex.org/W2023772378","https://openalex.org/W1979155257","https://openalex.org/W2104955712","https://openalex.org/W2056378704","https://openalex.org/W2086009531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bootstrap":[0],"resampling":[1],"provides":[2],"a":[3,66,178],"versatile":[4],"and":[5,162],"reliable":[6],"statistical":[7],"method":[8,62,150],"for":[9,74,100,127,139,154],"estimating":[10,70,97],"the":[11,47,61,78,94,101,104,132],"accuracy":[12],"of":[13,31,46,69,82,93,108,129,136,165,181],"quantities":[14,49],"which":[15,28],"are":[16,34,124],"calculated":[17],"from":[18,38,88,117],"experimental":[19],"data.":[20],"It":[21],"is":[22,63,120,151],"an":[23],"empirically":[24],"based":[25,113],"method,":[26],"in":[27,77,156,168,177],"large":[29],"numbers":[30],"simulated":[32],"datasets":[33],"generated":[35],"by":[36,53],"computer":[37],"existing":[39],"measurements,":[40],"so":[41],"that":[42],"approximate":[43],"confidence":[44,72,98],"intervals":[45,73],"derived":[48],"may":[50],"be":[51,175],"obtained":[52],"direct":[54],"numerical":[55],"evaluation.":[56],"A":[57],"simple":[58],"introduction":[59],"to":[60,96,103,131],"given":[64,126],"via":[65],"detailed":[67],"example":[68],"95%":[71],"cumulated":[75],"activity":[76],"thyroid":[79],"following":[80,106,134],"injection":[81,107],"99mTc-sodium":[83,137],"pertechnetate":[84,138],"using":[85],"activity-time":[86],"data":[87,116],"23":[89],"subjects.":[90,147],"The":[91,148],"application":[92],"approach":[95],"limits":[99],"self-dose":[102],"kidney":[105],"99mTc-DTPA":[109],"organ":[110],"imaging":[111],"agent":[112],"on":[114],"uptake":[115],"19":[118],"subjects":[119],"also":[121,174],"illustrated.":[122],"Results":[123],"then":[125],"estimates":[128],"doses":[130],"foetus":[133],"administration":[135],"clinical":[140],"reasons":[141],"during":[142],"pregnancy,":[143],"averaged":[144],"over":[145],"25":[146],"bootstrap":[149],"well":[152],"suited":[153],"applications":[155],"radiation":[157],"dosimetry":[158],"including":[159],"uncertainty,":[160],"reliability":[161],"sensitivity":[163],"analysis":[164],"dose":[166],"coefficients":[167],"biokinetic":[169],"models,":[170],"but":[171],"it":[172],"can":[173],"applied":[176],"wide":[179],"range":[180],"other":[182],"biomedical":[183],"situations.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
