{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002246563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199812000-00013","title":"Oxygen Carriers as Blood Substitutes","display_name":"Oxygen Carriers as Blood Substitutes","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002246563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199812000-00013","mag":"2002246563","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9917705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00003086-199812000-00013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199812000-00013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199812000-00013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191421250","display_name":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","issn_l":"0009-921X","issn":["0009-921X","1528-1132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030485203","display_name":"Lawrence T. Goodnough","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-2505","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-2505"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence T. Goodnough","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103480933","display_name":"Mitchell G. Scott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitchell G. Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory and Genomic Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory and Genomic Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033895387","display_name":"Terri G. Monk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terri G. Monk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO","Washington University \u2013 St Louis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University \u2013 St Louis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030485203"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0809,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06993007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"357","issue":"357","first_page":"89","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12094","display_name":"Hemoglobin structure and function","score":0.8734999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12094","display_name":"Hemoglobin structure and function","score":0.8734999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10693","display_name":"Blood transfusion and management","score":0.094200000166893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11116","display_name":"Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-substitutes","display_name":"blood substitutes","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-carriers","display_name":"oxygen carriers","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoglobin-solutions","display_name":"hemoglobin solutions","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perfluorocarbons","display_name":"perfluorocarbons","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perfluorocarbon-emulsions","display_name":"perfluorocarbon emulsions","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-normovolemic-hemodilution","display_name":"acute normovolemic hemodilution","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trauma-medicine","display_name":"trauma medicine","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-medicine","display_name":"military medicine","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abo-incompatible-transfusion","display_name":"ABO-incompatible transfusion","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vascular-tone","display_name":"vascular tone","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitric-oxide-binding","display_name":"nitric oxide binding","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shelf-life","display_name":"shelf life","score":0.35499998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8668575882911682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43041","display_name":"Hemoglobin","level":2,"score":0.7099052667617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778337571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831050","display_name":"Blood substitute","level":3,"score":0.6234263777732849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.46516847610473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519581460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207843","display_name":"Nitric oxide","level":2,"score":0.42508378624916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994142871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7873","display_name":"Oxygen delivery","level":3,"score":0.4167730212211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3585146963596344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540031477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629","display_name":"Oxygen","level":2,"score":0.3041902184486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2175564169883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001802","descriptor_name":"Blood Substitutes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005466","descriptor_name":"Fluorocarbons","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005466","descriptor_name":"Fluorocarbons","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006207","descriptor_name":"Half-Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006454","descriptor_name":"Hemoglobins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D065227","descriptor_name":"Transfusion Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00003086-199812000-00013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199812000-00013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199812000-00013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191421250","display_name":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","issn_l":"0009-921X","issn":["0009-921X","1528-1132"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9917705","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9917705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical orthopaedics and related research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81729044","https://openalex.org/W128915106","https://openalex.org/W1494977501","https://openalex.org/W1502819947","https://openalex.org/W1827857596","https://openalex.org/W1919712442","https://openalex.org/W1987064325","https://openalex.org/W1994612499","https://openalex.org/W1994777622","https://openalex.org/W1996037648","https://openalex.org/W2003442522","https://openalex.org/W2004262218","https://openalex.org/W2004400560","https://openalex.org/W2005436544","https://openalex.org/W2007072376","https://openalex.org/W2007737411","https://openalex.org/W2014912234","https://openalex.org/W2016692639","https://openalex.org/W2017268005","https://openalex.org/W2019901905","https://openalex.org/W2020929469","https://openalex.org/W2023878258","https://openalex.org/W2024659872","https://openalex.org/W2028808290","https://openalex.org/W2029527864","https://openalex.org/W2030444760","https://openalex.org/W2030512240","https://openalex.org/W2034395956","https://openalex.org/W2036522471","https://openalex.org/W2040223458","https://openalex.org/W2043242085","https://openalex.org/W2044858752","https://openalex.org/W2048947814","https://openalex.org/W2050129447","https://openalex.org/W2053211756","https://openalex.org/W2060900589","https://openalex.org/W2066915223","https://openalex.org/W2069380159","https://openalex.org/W2078952503","https://openalex.org/W2082994356","https://openalex.org/W2089230766","https://openalex.org/W2090718202","https://openalex.org/W2091210055","https://openalex.org/W2092373558","https://openalex.org/W2112059529","https://openalex.org/W2113248678","https://openalex.org/W2118593308","https://openalex.org/W2121762897","https://openalex.org/W2125570845","https://openalex.org/W2129084673","https://openalex.org/W2134391545","https://openalex.org/W2151094518","https://openalex.org/W2151859925","https://openalex.org/W2152992519","https://openalex.org/W2157270937","https://openalex.org/W2162630097","https://openalex.org/W2324969821","https://openalex.org/W2332939473","https://openalex.org/W2341616068","https://openalex.org/W2399314847","https://openalex.org/W2416182932","https://openalex.org/W2460410938","https://openalex.org/W2461365943","https://openalex.org/W2470474508","https://openalex.org/W2470607712","https://openalex.org/W2730003010","https://openalex.org/W2784116262","https://openalex.org/W2917977019","https://openalex.org/W4242329867","https://openalex.org/W4242728389","https://openalex.org/W4254984483","https://openalex.org/W4256372076"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967169588","https://openalex.org/W2018533096","https://openalex.org/W60734750","https://openalex.org/W2111932287","https://openalex.org/W2417986790","https://openalex.org/W2131947535","https://openalex.org/W2118144266","https://openalex.org/W1951245085","https://openalex.org/W7213896320","https://openalex.org/W1987602110"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prospects":[0],"for":[1,51,80],"safe":[2],"and":[3,18,30,40,44,63,131],"effective":[4],"blood":[5,24,148],"substitutes":[6,25],"are":[7,75],"promising,":[8],"based":[9],"on":[10,94],"clinical":[11],"trial":[12],"results":[13],"of":[14,20,23,28,42,73,88,102,138],"soluble":[15],"hemoglobin":[16,89,107,114],"solutions":[17,90,108,115],"emulsion":[19],"perfluorocarbins.":[21],"Advantages":[22],"include":[26,54],"sterilization":[27],"viral":[29],"bacterial":[31],"contaminants,":[32],"room":[33],"temperature":[34],"storage,":[35],"a":[36],"long":[37],"shelf":[38],"life,":[39],"absence":[41],"ABO":[43],"other":[45],"red":[46],"cell":[47],"antigens.":[48],"Projected":[49],"arenas":[50],"their":[52,92,145],"use":[53],"not":[55],"only":[56],"military":[57],"applications":[58],"but":[59],"also":[60],"trauma":[61],"medicine":[62],"elective":[64],"surgical":[65],"settings,":[66],"coupled":[67],"with":[68],"acute":[69],"normovolemic":[70],"hemodilution.":[71],"Applications":[72],"perfluorocarbons":[74],"limited":[76],"by":[77],"the":[78],"need":[79],"100%":[81],"FIO2.":[82],"A":[83],"significant":[84],"challenge":[85],"facing":[86],"development":[87],"is":[91],"effect":[93],"vascular":[95],"tone":[96],"through":[97],"smooth":[98],"muscle":[99],"constriction.":[100],"Development":[101],"second":[103],"or":[104],"third":[105],"generation":[106],"may":[109,133],"be":[110],"necessary":[111],"so":[112],"that":[113],"more":[116],"closely":[117],"mimic":[118],"cellular":[119],"hemoglobin's":[120],"nitric":[121],"oxide":[122],"binding":[123],"properties.":[124],"Optimizing":[125],"O2":[126],"delivery":[127],"to":[128,135],"ischemic":[129],"tissues":[130],"organs":[132],"lead":[134],"regulatory":[136],"approval":[137,146],"these":[139],"agents":[140],"in":[141],"this":[142],"setting":[143],"before":[144],"as":[147],"substitutes.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}