{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002206192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007","title":"Knowledge and Implicature: Modeling Language Understanding as Social Cognition","display_name":"Knowledge and Implicature: Modeling Language Understanding as Social Cognition","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002206192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007","mag":"2002206192","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23335578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/tops.12007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/tops.12007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22283869","display_name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","issn_l":"1756-8757","issn":["1756-8757","1756-8765"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/tops.12007","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001961716","display_name":"Noah D. Goodman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9176-8802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9176-8802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noah D. Goodman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076240321","display_name":"Andreas Stuhlm\u00fcller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Stuhlm\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001961716"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3470,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3470},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":251.0092,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":398,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99989278,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"173","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.7964000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.7964000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.03959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar-implicature","display_name":"scalar implicature","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-comprehension","display_name":"language comprehension","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-cognition","display_name":"social cognition","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-inference","display_name":"Bayesian inference","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-knowledge","display_name":"speaker knowledge","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/listener-interpretation","display_name":"listener interpretation","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pragmatic-inference","display_name":"pragmatic inference","score":0.49799999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779899686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571227","display_name":"Implicature","level":3,"score":0.8425161242485046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775852435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258403","display_name":"Utterance","level":2,"score":0.7777884602546692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5822154879570007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5466859340667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5327638983726501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5163618326187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.4283609092235565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4081500768661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3861154019832611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.3612593710422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32000917196273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2891678214073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2869056463241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11693617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181839","display_name":"Pragmatics","level":2,"score":0.17995500564575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007257","descriptor_name":"Information Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007398","descriptor_name":"Interpersonal Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007398","descriptor_name":"Interpersonal Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007398","descriptor_name":"Interpersonal Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007600","descriptor_name":"Judgment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007600","descriptor_name":"Judgment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007600","descriptor_name":"Judgment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011578","descriptor_name":"Psycholinguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011578","descriptor_name":"Psycholinguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011578","descriptor_name":"Psycholinguistics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011582","descriptor_name":"Psychological Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011582","descriptor_name":"Psychological Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011582","descriptor_name":"Psychological Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012919","descriptor_name":"Social Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012919","descriptor_name":"Social Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012919","descriptor_name":"Social Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013067","descriptor_name":"Speech Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013067","descriptor_name":"Speech Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013067","descriptor_name":"Speech Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019359","descriptor_name":"Knowledge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019359","descriptor_name":"Knowledge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019359","descriptor_name":"Knowledge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019545","descriptor_name":"Intuition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019545","descriptor_name":"Intuition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019545","descriptor_name":"Intuition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032882","descriptor_name":"Comprehension","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/tops.12007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/tops.12007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22283869","display_name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","issn_l":"1756-8757","issn":["1756-8757","1756-8765"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23335578","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23335578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Topics in cognitive science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/tops.12007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/tops.12007","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22283869","display_name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","issn_l":"1756-8757","issn":["1756-8757","1756-8765"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5899999737739563}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2002206192.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58377777","https://openalex.org/W147577193","https://openalex.org/W751470531","https://openalex.org/W1424744123","https://openalex.org/W1585100903","https://openalex.org/W1988520084","https://openalex.org/W1993979041","https://openalex.org/W2014464155","https://openalex.org/W2018725327","https://openalex.org/W2067581116","https://openalex.org/W2098891306","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2101797526","https://openalex.org/W2134906087","https://openalex.org/W2144874553","https://openalex.org/W2151516755","https://openalex.org/W2587540915","https://openalex.org/W2597289420","https://openalex.org/W2606747632","https://openalex.org/W2974222084","https://openalex.org/W4231758593","https://openalex.org/W4241757988","https://openalex.org/W4301357669","https://openalex.org/W4312410456","https://openalex.org/W6807079930"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098890564","https://openalex.org/W2525032226","https://openalex.org/W6922708248","https://openalex.org/W3205631325","https://openalex.org/W2610102390","https://openalex.org/W4319262353","https://openalex.org/W7099069862","https://openalex.org/W2258885434","https://openalex.org/W168904455","https://openalex.org/W1965049023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Is":[0],"language":[1],"understanding":[2],"a":[3],"special":[4],"case":[5],"of":[6,45],"social":[7],"cognition?":[8],"To":[9],"help":[10],"evaluate":[11],"this":[12,43,50],"view,":[13],"we":[14],"can":[15],"formalize":[16],"it":[17],"as":[18],"the":[19,46,73,78],"rational":[20],"speech-act":[21],"theory:":[22],"Listeners":[23],"assume":[24],"that":[25],"speakers":[26],"choose":[27],"their":[28],"utterances":[29],"approximately":[30],"optimally,":[31],"and":[32,60,77,88,95],"listeners":[33],"interpret":[34],"an":[35,70],"utterance":[36],"by":[37],"using":[38],"Bayesian":[39],"inference":[40],"to":[41,52],"\"invert\"":[42],"model":[44,53,68,93],"speaker.":[47],"We":[48,81],"apply":[49],"framework":[51],"scalar":[54],"implicature":[55],"(\"some\"":[56],"implies":[57,62],"\"not":[58,63],"all,\"":[59],"\"N\"":[61],"more":[64],"than":[65],"N\").":[66],"This":[67],"predicts":[69],"interaction":[71],"between":[72,92],"speaker's":[74],"knowledge":[75],"state":[76],"listener's":[79],"interpretation.":[80],"test":[82],"these":[83],"predictions":[84,94],"in":[85],"two":[86],"experiments":[87],"find":[89],"good":[90],"fit":[91],"human":[96],"judgments.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
