{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002189036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1992.015","title":"African entrepreneurs \u2013 pioneers of development","display_name":"African entrepreneurs \u2013 pioneers of development","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002189036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1992.015","mag":"2002189036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3362/0957-1329.1992.015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1992.015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1992.015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48280882","display_name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","issn_l":"1755-1978","issn":["1755-1978","1755-1986"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324034910","host_organization_name":"Practical Action Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324034910"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Practical Action Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Enterprise Development &amp; Microfinance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113768166","display_name":"Keith Marsden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keith Marsden Keith Marsden","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113768166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96564531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"15","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.7827000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.7827000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12786","display_name":"Innovation and Socioeconomic Development","score":0.12319999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.03280000016093254,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-entrepreneurs","display_name":"African entrepreneurs","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigenous-entrepreneurship","display_name":"indigenous entrepreneurship","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-middle","display_name":"missing middle","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship-policy","display_name":"entrepreneurship policy","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-reduction","display_name":"poverty reduction","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-development","display_name":"economic development","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship-support-programs","display_name":"entrepreneurship support programs","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aid-donors","display_name":"aid donors","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.7450690269470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.6717071533203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.6400652527809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.6186031103134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5666682720184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4542638659477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3635486960411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.23444464802742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3362/0957-1329.1992.015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1992.015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1992.015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48280882","display_name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","issn_l":"1755-1978","issn":["1755-1978","1755-1986"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324034910","host_organization_name":"Practical Action Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324034910"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Practical Action Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Enterprise Development &amp; Microfinance","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003842497","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&amp;doc_library=BVB01&amp;local_base=BVB01&amp;doc_number=003842497&amp;sequence=000002&amp;line_number=0001&amp;func_code=DB_RECORDS&amp;service_type=MEDIA","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025441569","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/book/9780821316931","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9211000204086304,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2587914481","https://openalex.org/W929097990","https://openalex.org/W2769306141","https://openalex.org/W3123083766","https://openalex.org/W4243276457","https://openalex.org/W656448381","https://openalex.org/W6998444687","https://openalex.org/W135944901","https://openalex.org/W7098708225","https://openalex.org/W4301444829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"discussion":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,30,39,77,92],"findings":[4],"of":[5,8,33,65,83,94],"a":[6],"survey":[7],"modern":[9,95],"indigenous":[10],"African":[11,73,96,113],"entrepreneurs.":[12,97],"Far":[13],"from":[14],"being":[15],"what":[16],"has":[17],"been":[18],"described":[19],"as":[20,29,87],"'the":[21],"missing":[22],"middle',":[23],"these":[24],"entrepreneurs":[25],"can":[26,45],"be":[27,46,106],"seen":[28,90],"true":[31],"pioneers":[32],"development":[34],"in":[35,108],"sub-Saharan":[36],"Africa.":[37],"With":[38],"proper":[40],"support,":[41],"this":[42,102],"productive":[43],"sector":[44],"expected":[47],"to":[48,111],"grow,":[49],"and":[50,57,69,76,85],"with":[51,72],"that":[52,101],"expansion,":[53],"help":[54],"alleviate":[55],"poverty":[56],"stimulate":[58],"social":[59],"progress.":[60],"The":[61],"intended":[62],"audience":[63],"consists":[64],"policymakers,":[66],"aid":[67],"donors,":[68],"advisers":[70],"concerned":[71],"economic":[74],"development,":[75],"report":[78],"addresses":[79],"some":[80],"key":[81],"issues":[82],"strategy":[84],"policy":[86],"they":[88],"are":[89],"through":[91],"eyes":[93],"It":[98],"is":[99],"hoped":[100],"different":[103],"perspective":[104],"will":[105],"helpful":[107],"designing":[109],"programmes":[110],"foster":[112],"entrepreneurship.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
