{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002161648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107319119900600405","title":"The Rorschach Inkblot Test: A Case of Overstatement?","display_name":"The Rorschach Inkblot Test: A Case of Overstatement?","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002161648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107319119900600405","mag":"2002161648","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10539981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/107319119900600405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107319119900600405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107319119900600405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155907396","display_name":"Assessment","issn_l":"1073-1911","issn":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101726216","display_name":"James M. Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3373-568X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3373-568X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164936912","display_name":"The University of Texas at El Paso","ror":"https://ror.org/04d5vba33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James M. Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at El Paso","Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso 79968, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at El Paso","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso 79968, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008385014","display_name":"Scott Owen Lilienfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-8629","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-8629"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott O. Lilienfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.1848,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98387781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"341","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14434","display_name":"Historical and Modern Theater Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rorschach-test","display_name":"Rorschach test","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-validity","display_name":"psychometric validity","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-retest-reliability","display_name":"test-retest reliability","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-rater-reliability","display_name":"inter-rater reliability","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-sensitivity","display_name":"cultural sensitivity","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-values","display_name":"reference values","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-structure","display_name":"factor structure","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projective-techniques","display_name":"projective techniques","score":0.5740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105786092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488532","display_name":"Rorschach test","level":2,"score":0.9767705202102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8418720960617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61863361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749","display_name":"Inter-rater reliability","level":3,"score":0.6941536664962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6536787152290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5251110196113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.518668532371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.4978625774383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.41606777906417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.27153247594833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.10377958416938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005163","descriptor_name":"Factor Analysis, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005163","descriptor_name":"Factor Analysis, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005163","descriptor_name":"Factor Analysis, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012016","descriptor_name":"Reference Values","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012016","descriptor_name":"Reference Values","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012016","descriptor_name":"Reference Values","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012392","descriptor_name":"Rorschach Test","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012392","descriptor_name":"Rorschach Test","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012392","descriptor_name":"Rorschach Test","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014888","descriptor_name":"Wechsler Scales","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014888","descriptor_name":"Wechsler Scales","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014888","descriptor_name":"Wechsler Scales","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018864","descriptor_name":"Cultural Diversity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018864","descriptor_name":"Cultural Diversity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018864","descriptor_name":"Cultural Diversity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/107319119900600405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107319119900600405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107319119900600405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S155907396","display_name":"Assessment","issn_l":"1073-1911","issn":["1073-1911","1552-3489"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10539981","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10539981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Assessment","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612110840","https://openalex.org/W1561735220","https://openalex.org/W1562193183","https://openalex.org/W1582015188","https://openalex.org/W1665638438","https://openalex.org/W1719152462","https://openalex.org/W1744940431","https://openalex.org/W1857205173","https://openalex.org/W1964431041","https://openalex.org/W1967385187","https://openalex.org/W1969906765","https://openalex.org/W1971824425","https://openalex.org/W1975752551","https://openalex.org/W1977992694","https://openalex.org/W1978021716","https://openalex.org/W1982256489","https://openalex.org/W1982974327","https://openalex.org/W1993566288","https://openalex.org/W1994213213","https://openalex.org/W1996349161","https://openalex.org/W2006351124","https://openalex.org/W2007787546","https://openalex.org/W2011810823","https://openalex.org/W2016548828","https://openalex.org/W2031328653","https://openalex.org/W2035498122","https://openalex.org/W2043203431","https://openalex.org/W2046162540","https://openalex.org/W2049045348","https://openalex.org/W2049223177","https://openalex.org/W2050765381","https://openalex.org/W2050827593","https://openalex.org/W2051601305","https://openalex.org/W2052827435","https://openalex.org/W2058167321","https://openalex.org/W2060439025","https://openalex.org/W2061936386","https://openalex.org/W2066285011","https://openalex.org/W2067222392","https://openalex.org/W2067891465","https://openalex.org/W2073603752","https://openalex.org/W2074840352","https://openalex.org/W2078140100","https://openalex.org/W2078160516","https://openalex.org/W2089496315","https://openalex.org/W2089834295","https://openalex.org/W2090177602","https://openalex.org/W2090462021","https://openalex.org/W2093105339","https://openalex.org/W2110423873","https://openalex.org/W2121314440","https://openalex.org/W2121601298","https://openalex.org/W2125886250","https://openalex.org/W2130574495","https://openalex.org/W2148085994","https://openalex.org/W2152001559","https://openalex.org/W2156854146","https://openalex.org/W2160844597","https://openalex.org/W2163738669","https://openalex.org/W2286683095","https://openalex.org/W2316686710","https://openalex.org/W2470899451","https://openalex.org/W2479749294","https://openalex.org/W2486592281","https://openalex.org/W2490212217","https://openalex.org/W2500897424","https://openalex.org/W2501343990","https://openalex.org/W2574825135","https://openalex.org/W2937986529","https://openalex.org/W3006230142","https://openalex.org/W3128441136","https://openalex.org/W3205447555","https://openalex.org/W4229616858","https://openalex.org/W4230287286","https://openalex.org/W4238484349","https://openalex.org/W4240042573","https://openalex.org/W4240843872","https://openalex.org/W4243084081","https://openalex.org/W4244786465","https://openalex.org/W4245234276","https://openalex.org/W4255359431","https://openalex.org/W4256355487","https://openalex.org/W4285421069","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4301029050","https://openalex.org/W4301911704","https://openalex.org/W4389830531","https://openalex.org/W4402992091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1847126202","https://openalex.org/W7127970661","https://openalex.org/W1971824425","https://openalex.org/W2067666214","https://openalex.org/W2134799848","https://openalex.org/W2114958650","https://openalex.org/W3067213840","https://openalex.org/W3107119878","https://openalex.org/W7095665275","https://openalex.org/W2139485926"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,9,20,31,57,59],"1940s,":[2],"inflated":[3],"claims":[4,52],"were":[5],"often":[6],"made":[7,53],"regarding":[8,19,33],"Rorschach":[10,32],"Inkblot":[11],"Test.":[12],"Over":[13],"half":[14],"a":[15,64,69],"century":[16],"later,":[17],"overstatements":[18],"test":[21,60],"are":[22],"still":[23],"common.":[24],"The":[25],"present":[26],"article":[27],"identifies":[28],"problems":[29],"with":[30],"norms,":[34],"cultural":[35],"sensitivity,":[36],"interrater":[37],"reliability,":[38,40],"test-retest":[39],"validity,":[41],"factor":[42],"structure,":[43],"and":[44],"accessibility":[45],"of":[46,56],"supporting":[47],"studies.":[48],"Contrary":[49],"to":[50,62],"overstated":[51],"on":[54],"behalf":[55],"Rorschach,":[58],"continues":[61],"be":[63],"highly":[65],"problematic":[66],"instrument":[67],"from":[68],"psychometric":[70],"standpoint.":[71]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
