{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002136935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.288","title":"How Much Should Americans Be Saving for Retirement?","display_name":"How Much Should Americans Be Saving for Retirement?","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002136935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.288","mag":"2002136935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/aer.90.2.288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.288","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074716987","display_name":"B. Douglas Bernheim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6483-7622","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6483-7622"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Douglas Bernheim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, and NBER"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, and NBER","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009880734","display_name":"Lorenzo Forni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2237-122X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2237-122X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103737770","display_name":"Bank of Italy","ror":"https://ror.org/03v2nbx43","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103737770"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Forni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bank of Italy, Via Nazionale 91, 00184 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bank of Italy, Via Nazionale 91, 00184 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103737770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032300527","display_name":"Jagadeesh Gokhale","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109900","display_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland","ror":"https://ror.org/01wxdvj03","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317239608","https://openalex.org/I4210109900"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jagadeesh Gokhale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 1455 E. 6th Street, Cleveland, OH 44114","FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF CLEVELAND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 1455 E. 6th Street, Cleveland, OH 44114","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109900"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF CLEVELAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109900"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017644096","display_name":"Laurence J. Kotlikoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-0413","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-0413"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurence J Kotlikoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Boston University, 270 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Boston University, 270 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45608124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"90","issue":"2","first_page":"288","last_page":"292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11631","display_name":"Retirement, Disability, and Employment","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13042","display_name":"Economic and Fiscal Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement-savings","display_name":"retirement savings","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement-income","display_name":"retirement income","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-savings","display_name":"household savings","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retirement-consumption","display_name":"retirement consumption","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pension-adequacy","display_name":"pension adequacy","score":0.30300000309944153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.655543863773346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.40505892038345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.3404006361961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3362818956375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13363444805145264}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/aer.90.2.288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.288","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23254222","display_name":"American Economic Review","issn_l":"0002-8282","issn":["0002-8282","1944-7981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Economic Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:fip:fedcwp:0002","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.clevelandfed.org/~/media/content/newsroom%20and%20events/publications/working%20papers/2000/wp%200002%20how%20much%20should%20americans%20be%20saving%20for%20retirement%20pdf.pdf?la=en","pdf_url":"https://www.clevelandfed.org/~/media/content/newsroom%20and%20events/publications/working%20papers/2000/wp%200002%20how%20much%20should%20americans%20be%20saving%20for%20retirement%20pdf.pdf?la=en","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3125264856","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/fipfedcwp/0002.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:90:y:2000:i:2:p:288-292","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.90.2.288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513742313","https://openalex.org/W1558066435","https://openalex.org/W2171561400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099443294","https://openalex.org/W7097339895","https://openalex.org/W1585276644","https://openalex.org/W4403179370","https://openalex.org/W7098068824","https://openalex.org/W1578728790","https://openalex.org/W1589144370","https://openalex.org/W2313695248","https://openalex.org/W4302329530","https://openalex.org/W2318283402"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"Much":[1],"Should":[2],"Americans":[3],"Be":[4],"Saving":[5],"for":[6],"Retirement?":[7],"by":[8],"B.":[9],"Douglas":[10],"Bernheim,":[11],"Lorenzo":[12],"Forni,":[13],"Jagadeesh":[14],"Gokhale":[15],"and":[16],"Laurence":[17],"J.":[18],"Koltikoff.":[19],"Published":[20],"in":[21],"volume":[22],"90,":[23],"issue":[24],"2,":[25],"pages":[26],"288-292":[27],"of":[28],"American":[29],"Economic":[30],"Review,":[31],"May":[32],"2000":[33]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
